Indonesia's Volcanoes

Learn Geology and Earthquake Experts

2009-10-12T00:10:00.003+07:00

Earthquakes, (eruption) of the volcano, and tsunami caused long been fears and (once) admiration of the human mind, gave birth to myths, legends, and many Hollywood disaster movies. Today, advanced technology allows us to practice, measure, monitor, take samples, and the Earth and its motion mencitra like never before .... (Dr Ellen J Prager, "Furious Earth", 2000)

The earthquake was impressed by the more diligent earthquake visited the country. In the middle of the information age and the growing media industry, all things about the earthquake was present to the heart of the household. Parents, young people, and children who have been less (or even not) notice the earthquake problems fixed now much longer seen reporting from the disaster area via TV or read in print and online.

At first that appears is the fear, imagine what if the earthquake happened in his own city. Of course while also a sense of concern and care for the disaster. Next, from a sense of caring and fear had come too curious about the various aspects, concerning the causes of earthquakes, any earthquake-prone areas, whether earthquakes can be predicted, or how to reduce the lethal effect of the earthquake.

Perhaps it was an interesting start to the growing interest in the sciences associated with kegempaan, which some in the science of geology, as well as in its branches, such as seismology, and also in geophysics. Admittedly, until recently, the science is still often viewed with one eye, as a dry science and not much use to learn.

Now, with the frequent occurrence of earthquakes and the growing awareness that the country was on track earthquakes and volcanoes known as the Ring of Fire, the public increasingly aware of the importance of the sciences above.

It's not an earthquake will destroy the Indonesian people, except perhaps caused by the earthquake and tsunami due to cosmic archipelago area boxed by a large asteroid or comet. However, continually rocked by earthquakes, especially if no adequate study to minimize the effects can be exhausting and minds of the nation. Not to mention it must be admitted, there is a great loss of material each time an earthquake happens (or volcanic eruptions), plus the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Geological knowledge through love, understanding and wisdom of the nature and behavior of the Earth increases. Next, disaster risks can be reduced, the victim can be minimized, and property loss can be suppressed.

Earth science

The focus of our discussion this time on the science of geology, who studied the composition, structure, processes, and the history of Earth. Scientists who defined the geology was Sir Charles Lyell in 1830. Since then, geological studies extended to other planets and satellites, which then was known as planetary geology. There are many branches of geology, including geophysics, who study the physics of Earth.

Through this science is the knowledge of the layers in the Earth, the crust or skin and coat, and the core. Which form the crust plates is apparently already moving here and there on the surface of the Earth since at least the last 600 million years, and could be for several billion years earlier (New York Public Library Science Desk Ref, 1995). Currently, each plate moves with different speeds, of which there is at 2.5 inches per year.

Scientists believe, in the past, about 250 million years ago, there was a large continent or superkontinen named Pangea (Pangea names proposed by the great geologist Alfred Wegener in 1915). Around 180 million years ago, it broke superkontinen, a Gondwanaland, or Gondwana, and Laurasia. Hypothetical continent Gondwana was formed from the unification of South America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica. While Laurasia, composed of North America and Eurasia. Around 65 million years ago, about the extinction of dinosaurs, the two continental began to split up, slowly forming order as we see today.

There are interesting prediction: in 50 million years from now, the west coast of North America will be torn from the mainland (mainland), and-this he-Australia will move to the north and collided with Indonesia. While Africa and Asia will be separated in the Red Sea.

Interesting History

Now, as we increasingly recognize the importance of the natural sciences, earth, both also considered ways to develop interest. Do not let the irony of the current prolonged, in which countries in the Ring of Fire has only a small number of experts, as these days we read her profile in this journal. They worked in a number of educational and research institutions such as the ITB, UGM, LIPI and BPPT.

With a frequency of high earthquake news lately, also revealed a number of fundamental terms and theories in geology, such as the intensity of the quake in the Richter scale and about plate tectonics.

For the future

As the study of forests, climate, or vulcanology, scientists Indonesian seismologists have great opportunities to contribute in this great science because Indonesia is often referred to as a unique natural laboratory. This scientific contribution is not only limited to the meaning of science enrichment, but also related to the human future.

In the near term, and scientists interested seismologists may still feel compelled to answer fundamental questions like "Can we predict the occurrence of an earthquake?"

Currently the answer is "impossible" if what is meant is the prophesied "day, date, and what time an earthquake will happen". Because there is to know just which areas would be threatened earthquake in the next 20-30 years, in fact the work was waiting to prepare everything. Another goal is not to minimize the potential damage caused by the earthquake.

Let us welcome the challenge of the science of geology to increasingly understand the Earth and all its activities. We believe, with the increasing seismologists, will increasingly shrill voice that reminds people of Indonesia to remain alert against the movement of tectonic plates far below.

Source: NINOK LEKSONO (kompas.com)

Enjoying The Overseas Vacation

2009-09-30T17:24:00.000+07:00

Each year, a large number of families decide to vacation in the summer months. Have you and your family made the decision to plan a summer vacation this year? If you have, you are not alone. The first step in planning your summer vacation is not necessarily to choose a destination, but to choose scenery. Would you like to play water on the beach or visiting a historical place is up to you, but my personal advice is to choose the one that you have never been there yet.

Information and travel brochures can easily be found or ordered online. Brochures can be ordered from most large cities and popular vacation destinations in the United States or overseas, this way you can consider more carefully. If you want to try something new, you can always choose Siem Reap City on Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. Siem Reap today, being a popular tourist destination, has a large number of hotels and restaurants. Most smaller establishments are concentrated around the Old Market area

Siem Reap is the fastest growing city in Cambodia. There also a charming one of the world’s heritage, The Angkor Temples. Having great attractions like that make Siem Reap transform become a tourism interest. Modern Hotels and great ancient architecture is a unique color for you to enjoy. It is easy to see that you have an unlimited number of options when it comes to choosing a summer vacation destination. Taking the time to seriously consider each destination may result in the vacation of your dreams.

Mount Bromo

2009-09-24T01:35:00.001+07:00

Mount Bromo is one of five mounts located within Tengger mountains on its sand sea.

Atractiveness of this mount is bat to the date it is still active and easily visited /ascended. This mount bromo tourism objec has a natural atraction that atrac visitor because of this unique natural phenomena in from of of a crater on the crater covered by sand sea.

The natural beauty and wondervul valley are vascinating panorama, plus ist serene atmosphere and peace we well fel while visiting this area. To get the peak of mount Bromo , we use prepared stairs /steps of concrete stuff. When we get the peak we will see Brome a large caving crater whit is smoke out of the bottom . it shows the vulcano is still active. From the peak we see / enjoy the view of brome crater whit ist thin cloudy smoke, and the backward side we can see the beautifullness land countains sand see whit its natural silhuets that very impresisive.

Its other atracctiveess, is that volcano is a place of afinal ritual ceremoni (kasada) of Tengger communlty that has is reprensented by throwing farming product like the fruits and grain onto Moutn Bromo crater. This ceremony has attrated tourists to see the annual ceremony.

Choosing Web Hosting

2009-02-12T00:49:00.000+07:00

Do you want to start building a new website to create personal blog? Or do you want to set up one dedicated web site to promote your business online so you can widen up your market? It is very simple just find the best and cheap web hosting. A web hosting service provides a service that allows individuals and businesses to post web pages to the internet. Web sites are pages that are stored on a computer called a server. The server is a part of a network of computers on the internet or World Wide Web that allows users of the internet to reach your site anywhere in the world at anytime. The internet is open 24 hours, seven days a week around the clock. Your chosen provider must have a dedicated towards satisfaction. The companies that dedicated to their customers with goals in providing the best customer service and providing excellent, reliable and state of the art products but also a friendly budget web hosting. Hosting companies require that you buy your URL or domain name first before you purchase hosting services. Most hosting companies have a package that will allow you to buy the domain name and hosting at the same time. With this reseller web hosting I told you, their network facilities use the latest and top of the line products made available by leaders in the industry. Unlike many hosting companies who are willing to sacrifice quality for profit, they also claimed always stand by guarantee of excellence. Using only name-brand equipment such as Cisco®/Juniper® routers, 3Com™ Switches, Intel™ Processors and IBM/Dell® servers.

Picture of Bromo

2008-09-20T00:47:00.000+07:00

This is few photo from my personal collection... Very beautiful scenery. How do you think??

Bromo

2008-09-16T00:47:00.000+07:00

Mountain Bromo is an active volcano and the most famous tourism spot on East Java. The name Bromo itself was came from Sansekerta or Ancient Javanese language, from one of Hindus’ Eldest God, Brahma. Bromo is 2.392 meter above sea water, and covered four areas, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Lumajang and Malang.

Bromo has a big crater, est 800 meter of diameter (north – south) and 600 meter (east – west). The red zone is circle shape between 4 km from the crater middle point. It also has a 10 kilometer wide sand desert around the mountain.

The journey starts from the west gate, Pasuruan through Tosari village to reach the main area. The sand desert is a tough one to beat, we can’t use ordinary vehicle unless we rent some jeep from local tourism services. Most of tourists take a hard step by foot, they said to climb the mountain and gain best experience, and we must use our own foot. This is the best way to witness the beautiful sunrise from the top of penanjakan. If your adventurous spirit is raging wildly within you can take a route from Malang city. You will pass small town Tumpang then Pronojiwo city and reach a conservative area. You will face an intersection which south path will leads you to ranu pane (Semeru Mountain) and north path will leads you to sand desert of Bromo. The intersection itself called Jemplang. This route is highly recommended for those who love climbing like they love themselves. The estimated time to reach the bromo is 3 hours as you will take the detour around Bromo. The Grand prizes will wait upon you and most tourists missed this one, the breath taking sabana and flower meadow behind the Bromo. Please take a note; never take this route on night or in a middle of thick mist, Very Dangerous.

For local tribe, Tengger, Bromo is sacred mountain. Every year, they held Yadnya Kasada or Kasodo ceremony. Take places on every full moon between 14 or 15 in Kasodo month (tenth month) according Javanese calendar.

Mountain Biking Guide

2008-08-15T02:50:00.000+07:00

Mountain biking is an exciting sport that can be enjoyed by anyone who knows how to ride a bike. Compared to the average bike ride, it does present some danger. Therefore, you should master these basic skills before you hit the trails or the dirt. You can practice these beginning skills at a local park, school, bike path, or simply around your house. If you can, try to find a location with a steep hill.

Get a feel for your pedals Practice moving your foot away from the pedal, first while sitting on your bike with one foot on the ground. Next, move on to releasing and replacing your foot while pedaling around for a bit. Those with toe clip and clipless type foot pedals will want to spend a bit more time practicing.
Sit and spin for position Simply sit on your bike and pedal around. You should keep your arms slightly bent. You should also adjust your seat height so your leg is 70 to 90 percent extended at the bottom of every stroke on the pedal. Keep your body relaxed, as there will never be a position where you should have either your knees or your elbows locked.
Shifting gears Get a feel for shifting gears with your bike. The higher gears are harder to pedal and will go faster while the lower gears are easier to pedal and will help you ascend hills. As you get to steeper hills, its best to shift before you get to the hill rather than while your on it.
Coasting You should spend a bit of time coasting while standing on your pedals, without actually sitting on the seat. Keep your arms bent but don't lock your knees. Now, try experimenting with shifting your body towards the rear end of the bike.
Pedal while standing You should get as comfortable as you can with pedaling while standing on your bike. Try lifting yourself off the seat while standing on the pedals, then crank them around. You should try this in higher gears on flat ground then again in lower gears while on a hill.
Dropping down a curb Try finding a curb where you can easily get to the upper portion of it. Practice at a moderate speed, standing and coasting right off the curb from the upper level to the lower level. Try this at different speeds until it becomes second nature.

Once you practice these techniques and get the hang of them, you'll be able to hit the trails feeling comfortable on your mountain bike. Even though it may take some getting used to, it'll become second nature before you know it.

Halloween Party

2008-08-12T01:51:00.002+07:00

Have you ever dreamed to party at the top of mountain? I think it won’t be easy for every people to partying at low temperature. One should have through a training to be qualified as a hiker. It is not an ordinary hill climbs on the weekend. Prepare a decent inventory; master the most basic survival skill and still much more to do before attempting to climb a mountain. Halloween is near; I wonder if there is a man that planning to do wear a Halloween Costume over the mountain. It would be fun to watch. Actually hiker is always using a costume, a scarf, large jacket and trouser. Consider it as a costume. My greatest imagination is to having a costume party on thousand meters away above, that would be very original. Maybe this is just the dream, because as I mentioned above I will hardly find any party partner. So I guess let’s just put it in the case. But if it really happens, it would be a highest party on the world. Let us back to the land. Halloween party is obviously held on various places. Wearing a costume that represent death or anything that will make the celebration noisier. Costumes like superheroes, nobleman or a boomer is used for attending the party. There still a time to prepare everything. If you host the party you must decorate your house, buying some food and drinks. If you still confuse about your Halloween Costume, you can take the option to buying online. You can find any costume that fit well to party theme, from a superhero costume to unique couple costume. Buying online is well advised for those that don’t have much time to prepare the costume. This store is one of the best costume merchant. Provide us a costume for every age available and different type of costume that will fit to your imagination.

GPS Location Tracking

2008-07-28T23:43:00.003+07:00

Recently location tracking is easier to do, not on those years when investigators have to questioning dozen people to gather information. This took a valuable hours to search somebody, a lost people mostly don’t have much time. Today, the GPS products have made it much easier to locate the missing people. GPS works by satellite to track the position and determines where the GPS receiver is. The hope is that the person that it lost has a GPS receiver on them so their location can be tracked.

Don’t forget to carry the GPS every time, hiking, skiing, surfing, or even driving. It will be convenience to have one in your bag.

Staying at Amanjiwo

2008-07-26T19:08:00.010+07:00

I finally visited Yogyakarta early this month. My friend Amel was invited me to fulfilling her promise for taking me to Merapi, one of most active volcanoes one the world. Yogyakarta can be reached by plane or train. Amel is very excited when she talks about Yogyakarta, about its rich culture, its friendly local tribe and many things that made her so enthusiast. I have arrived on Yogyakarta by 15th this month, and going straight to one of the 5 star hotels, Amanjiwo. Member of Aman group, they always offer the best services for accommodation purpose to satisfy the tourist. On the first dawn the resort driver took me to highest point in the Menoreh Hills, to experience the best dawn view from to biggest Buddhist sanctuary of the world, Borobudur. When I first found out that we will stay at Amanjiwo, I was very excited. For long time I want to spend a night or two there. For 752 USD or 6,892,969.23 IDR for a single room, we will have a best accommodation experience in Jogja or Yogyakarta. I used to book my accommodation with Hotels Combined, they’ll do the rest. In my suite I saw beautiful scenery of farmland, and scenery of surrounding mountain. My bed is also beautiful, made from rattan and pillow covered batik, this is best hotel I’ve ever stayed. Amanjiwo can be easily reached by domestic flights from any City on Indonesia. So it will not caused you any problem to getting there, and you must at least once to visit Jogja and Amanjiwo, it’s a whole package. Perfect city and a perfect hotel, this is my personal statement.About the climate, situated six to nine degrees south of the equator, Java enjoys a warm, tropical climate year-round with the most agreeable months being May to October. Humidity is highest between November and March, during the rainy season. Even during the heaviest rains, however, the sun is rarely out of sight for long. The mean temperature is a pleasant 27.2°C (81°F). Yogyakarta is a very interesting spot if you are looking for ethnic culture and unique events. If you are a hiker like me, you could also going straight to Merapi, as I told you before the most active volcanoes. So it will a good test for your physique and mental. If you confuse about spending your holiday, please consider to visit Central Java. It’s Located in Indonesia, it is not to far away from Bali, only 1,5 hour by plane. Indonesia is a land of million Inspirations. Witness it.

Emergency Preparation Tips: Eruption of a Volcano

2008-07-19T00:28:00.001+07:00

Volcanoes are almost like beautiful mountains except for they become disastrous. Volcanoes are also mountains, but they are different in sense that the geothermal activities within them are active and are occasionally subject to destructive processes. Most volcanoes around the world are located at special zones that are strategically located around the Pacific Ocean. Thus, the areas around the Pacific are collectively known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.

We have known two kinds of volcanoes. One is dormant and inactive. Such volcanoes are like Normal Mountain and do not erupt. The other type is the destructive of the active volcanoes, which occasionally erupt.

The most destructive volcanoes are located in countries around the Pacific like Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines and New Zealand. Hawaii and other islands around the Pacific are also rich in volcanic supplies.

Here are some emergency safeties guidelines that could help you prepare for a volcanic eruption.

If your home is located within the few kilometers from the volcano, evacuate at once. You can opt to take your belongings with you or just leave them.
Earthquakes are normal occurrences when an active volcano is about to erupt so do not panic. Instead, proceed to doing the precautionary measures.
Sudden rains especially at the crater of the volcano would lead to an abrupt mudflow. The mud is not ordinary mud. It can contain pre-volcanic eruption debris and could be too hot that is enough to hard-boil an egg. Beware, or you may suffer from burns coming from mudflow.
When the volcano finally erupts, it may emit volcanic debris up in the air. Be prepared to see falling rocks and small stones coming from the crater. Thus, take a safe shelter during the eruption.
Prepare gas masks because the volcanic eruption may also be accompanied by foul odor coming from the release of sulfur. You may suffocate or may not be able to take normal breathing during a volcanic eruption.
Lava is the centerpiece of the eruption. It is also the most destructive material the volcano will produce during an eruption. It is composed of very hot mud that may instantly burn down any material. Avoid contact with the lava.
After the eruption, wait for volcanologists' advice on when you can safely get back to your homes.

Volcanoes are truly one of nature's most destructive forces. Be prepared for volcanic eruptions if you live nearby an active volcano. You do not need to change address. All you need is to take precautionary measures when the volcano produces signs of eminent eruption.

Technorati Tags: Evacuate, erupting, lava, volcano, active

Grief and Rightfully Proud for You, Pugkas

2008-07-11T00:27:00.001+07:00

Pungkas Tri Baruno, one of university student of Mercu Buana (UMB), climbed the McKinley mountain which well known for its height on 22th June. Even he is not a professional hiker, Pungkas made it to the top, at 6.139 meter. Unfortunately, on his way down he fainted, the support team was trying to do a emergency action but they failed. So, Pungkas died on McKinley, this will be added to the dead hiker's list on Mckinley. Last week, we also heard that American hiker was dead too. Since 1932, it have been recorded that 102 people died on this mountain.

The terrain and landscape is hard, vicious and deadly.

Every hiker should be well warned that the terrain is dangerous. Even on hiking season like now, the storm most likely to shows up from nowhere and unpredictable. Last May, 2 hikers came from Japan was reported lost. Until recent time those hikers have not been found. It was assumed that they died in the forest.

A member from tenth commission of Indonesian parliament (DPR), Anwar Arifin, states that he is sorry with a tragedy that fall upon Pungkas, student University of Mercu Buana, after he sets a nationals flag Merah Putih on the top of McKinley mountain, Alaska. Pungkas is member of Expedition team Tunas Indonesia Mount McKinley-Alaska and Mount Vinson Massif - Antarctica 2008. This activity is a series for 100th Kebangkitan Bangsa Indonesia commemoration and 100th World Scouting day. Pungkas died last Thursday, 8 July. His body still remain in Alaska, and will be sent to Indonesia, and will be arrived next Monday,14 July. Chief of emergency post Mount McKinley said, the sending process takes time because the evacuation have to take land route, this is because the forecast is not to friendly. We will give all of our best to evacuated Pungkas. They also said that the rangers is on a search task for 2 missing hiker and assumed to be a Japanese.

Pungkas was born on Jakarta, 11 April 1988, with 170 cm / 60 kg. He have been lived on Teratai street II/27 Larangan Indah - Larangan, Ciledug.

Below is a few of recently Pungkas's activity :

2000 Jambore DKI Jakarta 2000
2002 Expedition Gn. Salak
2003 Expedition Gn .Galunggung
2004 Expedition Gn. Gede
2005 Panitia BTS SMAN 90 Jakarta

Organization experience

2004-2005 Vice chairman remaja Prabu
Active member of Penegak Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia
Active member of Bicycle Club (Bike to Campus)

Technorati Tags: Grief, proud, hiker, accident

Indonesia as One of the world's Most Exotic Places for Volcanoes

2008-07-08T03:36:00.001+07:00

Indonesia has a many varieties scale of mountains, which offer travelers with challenge and excitement. Filled with mountains and volcanoes, they are wide spreaded in Five main Island (Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya), and Two major archipelagos (Nusa tenggara and Maluku), and over sixty smaller archipelagos. Indonesia is well known country for one of the world's most exotic places for tropical mountain and volcano. With more than 17.000 islands, Indonesia also has the Greatest number of Active volcanoes.

Most volcanoes belong to the Sunda Volcanic arc, Amongst the volcanoes of Indonesia the highest is Mt. Kerinci at 3,805 m above sea level, Mt. Gede at 2,958 m, Mt. Pangrango 3,100 m in west Java. The most challenging volcano to climb would be Mt. Semeru at 3,676 m and Mt. Bromo at 2,200 m. while in the Eastern Indonesia is Mt. Rinjani at 3,726 m.

You will find out that Indonesia has 130 active volcanoes and they have been known more active than you can found on Earth. Merapi is the most active volcano, and had at least twelve eruption. "Mountain of Fire" is what people called it. Local tribes consider it as sacred object and priest climbs to the top to make an offering annually.

Try to discover the Indonesian Volcanoes, you will experience a physical and mental greatest challenge. Be prepared before attempt to climb a mountain.

Oakley's All Mountain

2008-04-05T23:40:00.002+07:00

If you think a great weekend includes air so crisp it bites your lungs and trails so unforgiving they remind you of your ex-girlfriend, your closet probably holds a day hiker, a heavier boot for rough terrain, and insulated footwear for the cold front. Rethink your approach to the mountain with a single, versatile design that takes you where you want to go and gets you there in comfort. THERMOLITE® insulation has been combined with an eVENT® waterproof liner that lets your dogs breathe, and low mass materials eliminate the dead weight that’s been holding you back.

Durable full grain leather and microfiber upper
Breathable eVENT® waterproof membrane
Responsive, lightweight polyurethane midsole
2 year limited warranty on waterproofing

Mt. Semeru

2008-02-24T22:01:00.002+07:00

Semeru also Gunung Semeru - is the tallest mountain on the island of Java and one of its most active volcanoes. Known also as Mahameru (Great Mountain), it is very steep and rises abruptly above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit. Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex. Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (10 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Moderate explosive eruptions (VEI 2-3) have also been recorded with some regularity. Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present. At times, small eruptions happen every 10 minutes or so. Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Rano Pani to the north, but though non-technical it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gas while hiking on Mount Semeru.

10 Essential Equipment

2008-02-23T15:50:00.001+07:00

Map. A map not only tells you where you are and how far you have to go, it can help you find campsites, water, and an emergency exit route in case of an accident.

Compass. A compass can help you find your way through unfamiliar terrain—especially in bad weather where you can't see the landmarks.

Water and a way to purify it. Without enough water, your body's muscles and organs simply can't perform as well: You'll be susceptible to hypothermia and altitude sickness. not to mention the abject misery of raging thirst.

Extra Food. Any number of things could keep you out longer than expected: a lengthy detour, getting lost, an injury, difficult terrain. A few ounces of extra food will help keep up energy and morale.

Rain Gear and extra clothing. Because the weatherman is not always right. Especially above treeline, bring along extra layers. Two rules: Avoid cotton (it keeps moisture close to your skin), and always carry a hat.

Firestarter and matches. The warmth of a fire and a hot drink can help prevent an encounter with hypothermia. And fires are a great way to signal for help if you get lost.

First aid kit. Prepackaged first aid kits for hikers are available at outfitters. Double your effectiveness with knowledge: Take a basic first aid class with the American Red Cross or a Wilderness First Aid class, offered by many hiking organizations.

Army knife or multi-purpose tool. These enable you to cut strips of cloth into bandages, remove splinters, fix broken eyeglasses, and perform a whole host of repairs on malfunctioning gear—not to mention cut cheese and open cans.

Flashlight and extra bulbs. For finding your way in the dark and signaling for help.

Sun screen and sun glasses. Especially above treeline when there is a skin-scorching combination of sun and snow, you'll need sunglasses to prevent snowblindness, and sunscreen to prevent sunburn.

Severally Tips While climb up at Rainy Season

2008-02-15T19:13:00.001+07:00

Wish climbs up to lock-up to mountaineers can come any time, and it sometimes doesn't see season. Entah that dry season or notwithstanding rainy season, wish to visit mountain peak always is at hearts mountaineers, this can't be disowned by mountaineer whichever. Climbing up mountain at while rain, clear for one is not mountaineer even if will can imagine situation who will be faced, rainy season at lowland city just rain high enough evenless at mountain, must you can imagine incline trip will at splash by rain. Tips umpteen following tip who can be followed that your incline trip feels more agreeable despite when rain.

Take Umbrella Umbrella so practical once, take in bordering umbrella that pocket edition and demulcent and brief. With take in this umbrella you sometimes not necessarily have to use slicker or rain coat. One that clear walking being taken in rain with umbrella will more comfortable than if you use rain coat or slicker who must will evoke condensate factor that makes to warm up you wet by sweat.
Place bottle Drinks Place bottle drinks besides be used to keep drinking water, can also be used as media of sock drain nabs you. Its trick one time you have are at your place location will lodge, fill your bottle with hot water, then blackjacks your wet sock until dumped obstetric its water (until damp) then rolls that sock on bottle already being filled by hot water. Really will evoke odor but next day sock you can be used again. Magnificent bottle for it is made from bottle almunium, but plastic bottle can also function properly.
Take newsprint Take in newsprint at sufficiently, kerta is this newspaper can be utilized for horribly inner its shoed by memasukan newsprint hanks, if your shoe interior its condition dripping wet once therefore don't forget to substitute newspaper hank several times that that newsprint not as crush and dirties your shoe interior.
Rain Cover Even its material knapsack made from material which waterproof, but then water will make a abode can come in through stitching gap, don't forget to ever be take in rain cover to backpack you, take in that close-fitting with measure backpacks you. Rain cover that magnitude will make collected water at down section it and will soak underside of your knapsack.
Plastic bag Before memasukan is your goods into backpack to coat your knapsack interior beforehand with big plastic (as size as waste plastic) and new your goods entry afterwards. That more safe be goods who will take in case even with plastic bag. This will prevent your goods becomes wet.
Tent Having vestibule (get terrace) There is it is better you take in tent that have vestibule or that terrace you are constant can cook comfortably condition despite while that it is raining. And your tent interior that terkontaminasi won't by resulting condensate yawn by your stove while cook food.

Hopefully umpteen tip tip upon utilitarian can make you who will climb up at rainy season. Rain is not balk for constant bertualang at free nature, so ayo takes your knapsack let to climb up mountain...

Mt Everest Edmund Hillary's conqueror Dies

2008-01-11T13:34:00.000+07:00

Wellington - Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand, one that stands up with a sherpa Nepal, Tenzing Norgay, as first person which conquer puncat Mount Everest, pass away in age 88 years. "Mountaineer, tramp and pilantropis legendaris it is person new zealand which far-famed one ever been living. But most importantly it is an unmitigated Kiwi," New zealand premier, Helen Clark, saying Friday while announce Hillary's death. Hillary climbs up supreme mountain at world it on 1953, say on its friend that incline afters: "We have conquered that mountain". Cause of deceased it undeclared Hillary, but it has suffered pain up to umpteen time and local media reports it to suffer pneumonia. Hillary is the most child popularly at new zealand and its photograph adorn money five that state dollar. "It admirably. It is heroik's figure that not only conquers Everest but alive with determination, humility and mercy," say Clark, as quoted by Reuters. After Everest, Hillary captains a number expedition go to south pole and Himalaya, and lavishes its time to help Sherpa's society the living one Nepal in shadowed Everest. Himalaya Trust's organization gathers 250.000 ACE dollars one year and it personally build schools, hospital, bridge, channel pipe, and even one air station. "Inheritance Sir Edmud Hillary will withstand life. Its brave action will continually inspire news zealand new generation, as one is found up to more than century half," say Clark. "My think with Madam Hillary, Sir Edmund's children, wider family, and close friends upon sad it."

Volcanic activity

2008-01-05T02:38:00.000+07:00

One way popular to magmatic volcanoes's group by their frequency from eruption, thereto that breaks forth regularly active become to be called, that have breaks forth on historical times but now sleep quiets that was called, and it what does become to break forth at the moment historical is called extinct. Anyway, this all the go classifications—extinct at particular—are in fact don't mean to scientist. They use that dot classification for go to one developing give volcano and eruptive process and resulting one form, which is is worded above. There is no fact consensus among volcanologists on how to defines one "active" volcano. lifespan from something volcano gets to to differentiate from moons to go to a lot of million years, making such a distinction sometimes meaningless one compares to go to lifespans from person or even civilization. For example, there are many volcanonya Earths to have breaks forth dozen time at year thousand past fewing to except currently sign parades from eruptions. Given long lifespan from such volcano, they also active. By lifespans men, anyway, they don't. Scientist usually regards one volcano to activate if it currently breaks forth or show sign from concern, such a activity earthquake unusual or significant new gas emission. Read more

There are many scientist also regards one volcano active if it has to break forth at the moment historic. This essential to note that span with recordedding's history to differentiate from region goes to region; on Mediterranean, recording history reaches back be more than 3,000 year excepts on Pacific Northwest from united states of america, the back this reach less than 300 years, and at Hawaii, little is more than 200 years. Volcanism's program Smithsonian's definition Global from' active' has to be broken forth on last 10,000 year. Sleeping volcano is it that present active (sedi on defines), but cans be restless or breaking forth again. However confusion, can arise since severally volcano scientist that regards to activate known as sleep by laypersons or on media. Extinct volcano is it that respectful scientist unlikelying to breaks forth again. What is someone volcano no nonsense extinct is often hard for determinative. Since "supervolcano" caldera can have eruptive lifespans sometimes fathom on millions years, one caldera that haven't one eruption is resulted at tens from thousands year maybe regard sleeps instead of extinct. For example, Yellowstone's caldera at National Park Yellowstone is at least 2 million year old and haven't break forth violently for approximately 640,000 year, although there is umpteen little activity relatively of late, with hydrothermal's eruption less than 10,000 year ago and lava flow around 70,000 year ago. To this reason, scientist doesn't regard Yellowstone's Caldera extinct. In fact, since caldera has cycled earthquake, one so geothermal's system active (which is. entirely from geothermal's activity is instituted at Yellowstone's National Park), and quick rates from ground lift, there are many scientists respectful something this active volcano.

Magma and Plate Tectonics

2007-12-15T10:27:00.000+07:00

The first question this raises is: what exactly is this "material from the inside"? On our planet, it's magma, fluid molten rock. This material is partially liquid, partially solid and partially gaseous. To understand where it comes from, we need to consider the structure of planet Earth.

The earth is composed of many layers, roughly divided into three mega-layers: the core, the mantle and the outer crust:

We all live on the rigid outer crust, which is 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km) thick under the oceans and 20 to 44 miles (32 to 70)thick under the land. This may seem fairly thick to us, but compared to the rest of the planet, it's very thin -- like the outer skin on an apple.
Directly under the outer crust is the mantle, the largest layer of the earth. The mantle is extremely hot, but for the most part, it stays in solid form because the pressure deep inside the planet is so great that the material can't melt. In certain circumstances, however, the mantle material does melt, forming magma that makes its way through the outer crust.

How Volcanoes Work

2007-12-15T10:22:00.000+07:00

Whenever there is a major volcanic eruption in the world, you'll see a slew of newspaper articles and nightly news stories covering the catastrophe, all stressing a familiar set of words -- violent, raging, awesome. When faced with a spewing volcano, people today share many of the same feelings volcano-observers have had throughout human history: We are in awe of the destructive power of nature, and we are unsettled by the thought that a peaceful mountain can suddenly become an unstoppable destructive force!

While scientists have cleared up much of the mystery surrounding volcanoes, our knowledge has not made volcanoes any less amazing. In this article, we'll take a look at the powerful, violent forces that create eruptions, and see how these eruptions build volcanic structures like islands.

Volcanoes of Indonesia

2007-11-19T14:48:00.000+07:00

Sumatra

Pulau Weh
Seulawah Agam
Peuet Sague
Bur Ni Telong
Kembar Sibayak
Sinabung
Toba
Helatoba-Tarutung
Imun
Sibualbuali
Lubukraya
Sorik Marapi
Talakamau
Sarik-Gajah
Marapi
Tandikat
Talang
Kerinci
Hutapanjang
Sumbing
Kunyit
Pendan
Belirang-Beriti
Kaba
Dempo
Patah
Bukit Lumut Balai
Gunung Besar
Ranau
Sekincau Belirang
Suoh
Hulubelu
Rajabasa

West Java

Krakatau
Danau
Karang
Kiaraberes-Gagak
Perbakti
Salak
Gede
Patuha
Wayang-Windu
Malabar
Tangkuban Parahu
Papandayan
Kawah Kamojang
Guntur
Tampomas
Galunggung
Talagabodas
Kawah Karaha
Cereme Central Java
Slamet
Dieng Plateau
Sundoro
Sumbing
Ungaran
Telomoyo
Merbabu
Merapi
Lawu
Wilis

Lesser Sunda Islands

Bratan
Batur
Agung
Rinjani
Tambora
Sangeang Api
Gilbanta
Wai Sano
Poco Leok
Gunung Ranakah
Inierie
Inielika
Ebulobo
Iya
Sukaria
Ndete Napu
Kelimutu
Paluweh
Egon
Ilimuda
Lewotobi
Leroboleng
Riang Kotang
Iliboleng
Lewotolo
Ililablekan
Iliwerung
Batu Tara
Sirung
Yersey

Geology

2007-11-18T21:51:00.001+07:00

A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic movement or epeirogenic movement. The compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upwards, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. The absolute heights of features termed mountains and hills vary greatly according to an area's terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. Mountain creation tends to occur in discrete periods, each referred to as an orogeny. The orogeny may last millions of years, and the uplifted region is being eroded away, producing valley-and-peak terrain, even while the uplift is taking place. Two types of mountain are formed depending on how the rock reacts to the tectonic forces – block mountains or fold mountains.
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The compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced upwards. In order to balance the weight, much of the compressed rock is forced downwards, producing deep "mountain roots". Mountains therefore form downwards as well as upwards (see isostasy). However, in some continental collisions part of one continent may simply override part of the others, crumpling in the process. Some isolated mountains were produced by volcanoes, including many apparently small islands that reach a great height above the ocean floor. Block mountains are created when large areas are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements. This occurrence is fairly common. The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned. The mid-ocean ridges are often referred to as undersea mountain ranges due to their bathymetric prominence. Where rock does not fault it folds, either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The upfolds are anticlines and the downfolds are synclines; in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds. The Jura mountains are an example of folding. Over time, erosion can bring about an inversion of relief: the soft upthrust rock is worn away so the anticlines are actually lower than the tougher, more compressed rock of the synclines.

Characteristics

2007-11-18T21:49:00.002+07:00

The altitude of mountains means that the tops exist in higher cold layers of the atmosphere. They are consequently often subject to glaciation and erosion through frost action. This produces the classic mountain peak shape. Some mountains have glacial lakes, created by melting glaciers; for example, there are an estimated 3,000 in Bhutan. Mount Olympus in Greece. Sufficiently tall mountains have very different climatic conditions at the top than at the base, and will thus have different life zones at different altitudes on their curves. The plants and animals of a zone are somewhat closed together when the zones above and below are inhospitable, and many unique species occur on mountainsides as an answer. Extreme things are known as sky islands. Tree forests are forests on mountain sides which attract moisture from the trees, creating a unique ecosystem. Very tall mountains may be covered in ice or snow. Read more...

Mountains are not generally liked for human habitation; the weather is harsher, less water is available, and there is little level ground suitable for agriculture. At very high altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air, and less protection against solar radiation (UV). Acute mountain sickness (caused by hypoxia - a lack of oxygen in the blood) affects over half of lowlanders who spend more than a few hours above 3,500 meters. Most mountains of the world have been left in their natural state, and are today primarily used for recreation. Some mountains are very difficult to climb, and offer spectacular views. Some people therefore enjoy the sport of mountaineering. Mountains are also the site for the sport of downhill skiing. People engaging in these activities often stay at mountain resorts built for the purpose.