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Industrial dynamics and innovation: progress and challenges

2009-03-12T16:03:00.000+07:00

*G.Jayalakshmi., Ph.D Scholar

INTRODUCTION

The growing field of industrial dynamics, the analysis of innovation has witnessed major progress in several areas. Contributions at the empirical and modeling levels have greater advanced our understanding of innovation, industrial dynamics and evolution of industries. A discussion follows on three key challenges that are required for a better understanding of the relationship between innovation and the evolution of industries: the analyses of demand, knowledge, networks and co evolution.

Innovation and the Evolution of Industries
The analysis of innovation and the evolution of industries have witnessed major progress in several areas. In the last years, several contributions at the empirical and modeling levels have greatly advanced our understanding of innovation, industrial dynamics and the evolution of industries. This paper reviews these contributions.

The main point of the paper is that in order to have a deeper and clearer view of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation, research has to progress on three fronts: the analysis of demand knowledge and networks.

1. Industrial dynamics as a growing research field
Since the late 1970s industrial dynamics has emerged as a major area of inquiry in industrial economics. The analysis of birth, growth and decline of firms and industries and the factors affecting them has generated a very rich empirical and theoretical literature and most of these contributions have recognized the central role of innovation for firms and industries.

In this Address I will start by recognizing the major recent growth of research in the area of industrial dynamics and then concentrate on the major progresses in the analysis of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation and on the challenges that lie ahead

In the first part of the paper I will discuss the progress, while in the second I will focus on three big research topics that I think require in-depth research scrutiny: demand, knowledge and networks. I will place a specific emphasis on a longitudinal perspective, in that it allows to focus on sequences of events, changes and feed backs in industrial dynamics. This perspective is very important not only for understanding industrial dynamics, but also for the analysis of the broader evolution of markets.

2. Industrial dynamics and innovation
Since the late 1970s, industrial dynamics has emerged as a major research area for industrial economists. the theoretical level have focused the attention of various researchers on the way industries change over time and on the dynamics processes of entry, selection and growth of firms within industries.

Within the growing interest in industrial dynamics, innovation has been recognized as a key element affecting the dynamics of industries and the rate of entry, survival and growth of firms. Looking back at the last 25 years, one has to recognize that on this front progress has been indeed impressive at both the empirical and the theoretical levels.

2.1 The empirical contributions
The empirical level, contributed to our appreciative understanding of the role of innovation in the evolution of industries, and it has shown that the relationship between innovation and industrial change is multidimensional, involves several actors and differs greatly across industries. Innovation in industries has been found to be the result of the interaction of different actors (firms, universities, public agencies, financial organizations…) which are related both formally as well informally and have actions strongly influenced by their competences, learning processes, the knowledge base of sectors and institutions. In this frame, the notion of sect oral systems of innovation has provided to be a useful tool for examining innovation in a sector

Industries have been shown to follow life cycles of innovation, firms entry and growth and changes in market structure. It has also been convincingly found that that these dynamic sequences are different from one industry to another. In addition, with the availability of advanced computer technology and new firm level data, econometric analyses have moved from cross sections work during the 1960s and 1970s to longitudinal analyses of industrial dynamics and innovation since the early 1990s

2.2 The theoretical contributions
Also at the modeling level one can find different strands of research focusing on different aspects of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Technological learning by rational actors (be incumbents or entrants or both) and the competitive process weeding out the heterogeneity in firms population characterize a set of models that aim to explain empirical regularities such as the asymmetric distribution of firm size and different growth rates conditional on age (see for example,).

Here there is passive learning and new firms do not know their own potential profitability. Major technological discontinuities create a shake out in industrial dynamics because a radical invention opens up the possibility of an increase in the efficient scale of production and in entry. Thus the transition to the new technology is associated to the exit of unsuccessful innovators and the survival of firms with larger scale technology.

On the contrary active learning by firms in industrial dynamics is present in where firms explore the economic environment, invest and, if successful, grow, so that industrial dynamics is driven by the growth of successful firms.

This results in corresponding Nash equilibrium on industry specific entry processes. Here however no attention is paid to the learning processes of firms, and less attention is also paid to industrial dynamics per se.

Another stream of models examines industry life cycle, analyzing together product and process innovations; rate and type of entrants; selection; firm size and growth; market concentration and market niches and shake outs. Finally, more attention to the specificities and histories of various industries is paid by “history friendly models”, which fall into the evolutionary tradition.

They pay attention to the evidence and the dynamics of specific industries, intend to develop a dialogue with appreciative/qualitative/historical explanations and aim to model the sequence of events that have shaped a specific industry evolution. In sum, tremendous progress in the emerging field of industrial dynamics has been obtained in both the empirical studies of innovation in industries and the modeling of industrial dynamics and innovation.

3. Which research challenges for a deeper understanding of the relationship between Industrial dynamics and innovations?
The studies examined so far focused on technological change, the dynamics of incumbents as well as new firms and changes in market structure. Technology, firms and market structure are indeed key elements in the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Let me show that industrial dynamics and innovation are greatly affected by a set of other factors: demand, the knowledge base of industries and networks. One could just start by noticing that in several industries demand has been a major factor affecting industrial dynamics and innovation. In semiconductors and computers, public demand such as military procurement has been important for innovation in the early stages of the industries. In computers experimental customers have been major actors in the emergent phase of the industry.

Similarly, the knowledge at the base of firms’ innovative activities and networks has played a major role in innovation and the dynamics of several industries. For example, in telecommunication equipment and services a convergence of different technologies, demand and industries has taken place, with processes of knowledge integration. This convergence has been associated with the creation of a wide variety of different specialized and integrated actors, ranging from large equipment producers to new service firms.

In machine tools the evolution of the industry has been shaped by an application-specific knowledge base and has been characterized by extensive firms specialization In software, a highly differentiated knowledge base in which the context of application is relevant has created several different and distinctive product groups. In addition, the role of large computer suppliers in developing integrated hardware and software systems has been displaced by a lot of specialized software companies which innovate either in package software or in customized software.

User-producer interaction and global and local networks for innovation are relevant. From these empirical cases, it is quite evident that demand, the knowledge base and networks have proven to be relevant for innovation and industrial dynamics in many sectors and yet, demand, knowledge and networks are not part of most analysis of industrial economics that concern industrial dynamics and innovation. Therefore in the following pages I am going to propose them as the next three key research challenges which need to be met if we want to advance our understanding of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation. Let me examine them in detail.

4. Demand
The first challenge that I want to explore is the one concerning the role of demand in innovation and industrial dynamics. As a way of introduction, let me first disagree with the usual complaint that demand has not been studied in its relationships with innovation in the last decades. In the literature, we have various empirical and theoretical strands, from the old debate demand pull vs. technology push, to the analysis of demand, market structure and innovation and advertising, bandwagon and networks have been shown to be important factors in influencing the magnitude and orientation of inventive effort and the degree of industry concentration. Demand has also been related to the emergence of disruptive technologies.

Here the early development of disruptive technologies serves niche segments that value highly their non standard performance attributes. Further developments in the performance and attributes of disruptive technologies lead these technologies to a level sufficient to satisfy mainstream customers and also the whole vast literature on diffusion is nothing else than research aimed at understanding the relationship between demand and innovation.

Moreover, several contributions on diffusion concern the relationship between new technologies, demand and the changes in the structure of the supplier and the user industries. The same holds for the literature on competing technologies which pays a lot of attention to externalizations and increasing returns. Contrary to all these research developments in the realm of demand and innovation, however, the insertion of demand in the analysis of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation is still in its infancy.

Therefore, answers to the questions posed above start from the identification of the various dimensions of demand that affect industrial dynamics and innovation. One dimension is the well known one related to the provision of incentives to firms’ R-D expenditures and innovative efforts. Here the preferences of consumers, market differentiation and segmentation, and the size and growth of demand affect innovative efforts and therefore technical change in various ways.

In this Address I would like to add two other aspects that are relevant for innovation in industries: consumer behavior and consumer capabilities. Consumer behavior plays a major role in affecting innovation. It includes the presence of information asymmetries and imperfect information with respect to new products and technologies as well as routines, inertia and habits concerning existing products and technologies. Also consumer capabilities influence technological change in an industry: as an example one could only mention the role of absorptive capabilities and their distribution among consumers and users.

The focus on the behavior and capabilities of consumers and users opens the way for a very productive analysis of how demand affects innovation and the specific patterns of industrial dynamics. In this respect let me mention some fruitful directions. One relates to users involvement in innovation. This is a quite common phenomenon in industries. It may range from user-producer interaction to user initiated innovation.

5. Knowledge
The emphasis on (passive as well as active) learning and the role of absorptive capabilities in models and econometrics of innovation and diffusion identifies a second challenge: the analysis of the role of knowledge at the base of learning by firms in an industry and its effects on innovation and industrial dynamics.

However I remain rather positive in the use of patent citations in providing some evidence of a paper trail about knowledge links, and in describing some features of knowledge and knowledge networks in an industry, as flows of knowledge can be captured by patent citations even when inventors are unaware of those citations.

In sum, the research challenge regarding knowledge implies that a given knowledge base defines the nature of the problems firms have to solve, affects the division of labour in an industry and influences market structure and in a dynamic fashion, the very knowledge base of industries also changes as an effect of the behavior of firms and of technological change

6. Networks
Let me move to the last challenge: networks. Here with networks I do not mean network Externalizations. Rather I refer to the different relationships – cooperative and competitive, market and non market ones – that firms have with other firms and non-firm organizations when they innovative. The relevance of networks for industrial economists is due from the broad recognition that innovative activity is highly affected by the interaction of heterogeneous actors with different knowledge, competences and specialization.

Various explanations have been advanced for the importance of networks in innovation, ranging from spillovers of various types, to the presence of Variety in technologies, knowledge and capabilities, to the role of complementarity. And the relevance of networks for innovation as well as for production and exchange has been recognized by game theory, transaction cost theory and resource based theory. Models of networks among economic agents abound now, from game theoretic to small world models, including evolutionary game theory, percolation theory and neural networks. They range from static models regarding the effects of different network architectures on performance, to dynamic ones in which the structure influences individual actions and performance and attention is paid to the networks efficiency, stability and feed backs.

CONCLUSION
In this Address I have suggested that within the growing field of industrial dynamics, in the last twenty years the analysis of industrial dynamics and innovation has witnessed a rich and highly diversified set of contributions at the empirical and theoretical levels. So, progress has been substantial. The main point of the paper however is that a deeper understanding of the relationship between industrial dynamics and innovation pushes research in this area to face new challenges related to a finer grained analysis of the role of demand, knowledge and networks.

This paper has suggested that these coupled dynamics involve knowledge, technology, firms, demand and institutions. These dynamics are often path-dependent, take the form of co evolutionary processes and are industry-specific. In the three elements such as technology, demand and firms, one could claim that in sectors characterized by a system product and consumers with a rather homogeneous demand, the dynamics leads to the emergence of a dominant design and industrial concentration.

Industrial Automation – a Field That Still Needs Humans

2009-03-12T15:59:00.000+07:00

Industrial automation is one of the few business sectors in which robots and humans interact. In this field, there's room for both individuals-humans and "humanlike" counterparts.

There are many roles in industrial automation that lie beyond the scope of an "animated character," i.e. a robot, and what they can't do, we humans can. Human-level pattern and language recognition, and language production are well beyond the capabilities of modern "mechanical people" and computer systems.

Critical tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory information including scents and sounds require a living being. High-level tasks like strategic planning still require human expertise. Even more reassuring is that in most cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches, even when using a robot is feasible. This ensures there's a place for students and professionals today and for the future in industrial automation.

A career in industrial automation means you get to use the latest computer technology to help design and build parts for all kinds of everyday products. In industrial automation, you can tailor your expertise to the automotive field, manufacturing industries, and other industries This means the business sectors and career options where you can apply your industrial automation training are virtually unmatched and endless.

The following types of individuals may be good candidates for a career in industrial automation:

* Students and professionals with interest or knowledge of artificial
intelligence.
* Individuals interested in cybernetics.
* Hardware architects, systems architects or people interested in hardware
architecture.
* Industrial engineering novices and professionals.
* Those with a desire to better understand machine-to-machine manufacturing
techniques, process control, working with robots.

Once you determine industrial automation is the field for you and you have an idea of what occupation within the industry you may want to pursue, you can begin your industrial automation training.

ITT Technical Institute, one of the credited and recommended industrial automation schools, not only has an in-depth industrial automation training that combines the fundamentals with the real-world, the institute also offers the option of taking certain required courses online, which makes it easy for you to balance your industrial automation training with your work and personal life.

Choosing a career in the field of industrial automation will put you on your way to a rewarding career in business sector that has literally helped build America. In this field, you may even have the opportunity to build products that change the ways in which we all live or perhaps the next great hybrid vehicle. Even if your biggest goal is simply to work hard in your career alongside robots and not necessarily to "reinvent the wheel" industrial automation training from ITT, one of the best industrial automation schools, can get you there.

How Basic Costs Affect the Construction Industry: an Analysis

2009-03-05T11:52:00.000+07:00

It’s a fact that most industries in the past decades have been suffering from the effects of inflation and never-ending rise of production costs. The construction and engineering industry has not been spared the dilemma. Aside from dealing with shortage in labor and manpower, material costs are also taking a toll on the productivity of the construction industry.

The worker shortage

Fewer employees might translate to more profit for some industries, but this is not the case for the construction industry. According to James R. Bogonet of Bogonet Construction Associates Inc., a D.C. firm that specializes in building and renovating interior office space:

"I've had to go out and work weekends to keep a project on schedule. The construction industry is suffering a severe worker shortage that is helping drive up the cost of development, including wages and office rental rates.”

The trend is continuous, because as early as year 2000 more than 240,000 jobs related to the construction industry are glossed over for higher-paying jobs. It’s a case of double jeopardy- if the firms do not pay enough, they don’t get staffed. But they lose immense profit when they do pay higher salaries to construction workers. The problem is cyclical.

Prices are going up, up, up…

According to Engineering News-Record, an industry publication: “National construction costs are up 2.3 percent this year.”

The problem calls for more capital outlay on the part of the clients, because to handle for the backlog due to shortage of workers and even tighter deadlines because of being understaffed, it takes $125-$150 to construct a single square foot of office space in the prime areas of United States.

This figure exponentially rises when we’re talking about the largest buildings and skyscrapers that are either leased or rented out to individual office-space holders.

Subcontractors decline

Smaller outfits are being more selective because of the relative shortage of manpower in the construction business. According to David Dempsey, a senior vice president for Spaulding & Slye Colliers, a development and construction group in the District:

"Ten years ago, if you put out a bid for masonry work, you might get twenty some responses. Today, you're lucky if you get six."

As we can see here, the construction industry is experiencing a very tight labor market. In the event that such labor conditions exists, every cost rises to match the unceasing demand. On the other hand, when labor is plenty, the prices drop because of the distributive quality of supply and demand scales.

According to Andrew Craig, vice president of construction and design for Staubach Co., an international commercial real estate brokerage:

"There is so much demand for development in this area that the problem takes on more urgency. We have to be more strategic, more nimble. They (the clients) want to know, `Why am I paying $50,000 for something I paid $30,000 for last year?' You have to help them understand what's happening in the marketplace.”

Craig’s analysis is quite dynamic because it highlights a basic truth about all industries- that in the end, if the market is sluggish, everything topples to the ground.

Experience The New Machineries Of Advantage Engineering Technology

2009-03-05T11:50:00.000+07:00

Advantage Engineering Site Services is an associate company of Advantage Engineering Technology and specializes in the supply and erection of new and pre-used steel framed structure buildings. We also carry out refurbishment and modification to existing buildings. All designs can be customize to match customers specific applications.

Advantage Engineering are manufacturers, suppliers and installers of recycling machinery including horizontal balers, conveyors, shredders and related recycling and handling equipment, which is designed to assist in turning your waste into a sale able product as well as alleviating the cost of waste disposal.

Our machines are the product of over 30 years of experience and are of excellent build quality and robust construction; they are built to give many years of reliable operation. We can supply single items or a complete system of standard equipment and build customized versions to suit your personnel requirements if required.

As well as supplying new equipment Advantage Engineering have stocks of reconditioned pre-used equipment including Balers, Compactors, Conveyors, Shredders, Bin Lifter, skips and lifting attachments etc. which can if necessary be modified to suit your requirements. Our site services team, which covers the UK and Europe, can carry out installations and commissioning of the equipment including any site modifications to your premises if required. Please telephone or e-mail your inquiry for an up to date list and price of available equipment.

Is the product of over 20 years experience in the design and manufacture of machinery for the recycling market. Our balers and shredders are used in applications from paper, board, plastics, textiles, metals, special polymer foams and agricultural crops.

Whatever area you are interested in, we can tailor our solution to match your exact requirements.

Commitment Generates New Business

2009-03-04T10:29:00.000+07:00

Neither the intention nor the strength of your commitment brings about the desired results. It is your actual actions that lead to achieving your goals

Total Commitment

Successful people commit beyond their goals.

They are usually totally committed to everything that they undertake...and once they have committed to performing a task or function...the actual completion is a foregone conclusion.

They neither try to do something..not give it their best shot...they simply do what they say they are going to do....and when they say they are going to do it.

In the simplest of terms, for successful people commitment is an automatic, habitual behavior.

If you want to achieve your specific results...either personally or in your business...a firm commitment to taking the necessary actions to achieve these results is the best if not only approach.

Gain A Competitive Advantage

Although most people would agree on the importance of total commitment, many people consistently fail to do what they said they were going to do.

Every day we are told that one person or another will call...but they either fail to call...or call long after they said they would.

In fact, so many people don't honor their commitments, that those who do are remembered and appreciated.

Just as we appreciate people who consistently honor their commitments so do clients. customers and do what they say they are going to do, when they say they are going to do it.

What better way to gain a competitive advantage than by simply honoring your promises?

And by doing it consistently, you will help differentiate yourself from your competitors whose commitment vanishes at the first sign of a crisis or new opportunity.

Taking Action

By definition, the term commitment means being bound to a course of action to bring about desired results. In other words, commitment is more about the actual actions than the intended actions.

By all means commit to your family, friends, clients, colleagues or community.

It is however neither the intention nor the strength of your commitment that brings about the desired results.

It is the actions you take that helps you achieve your goals.

Accounting Help That Keeps Your Business Growing And You Smiling Always

2009-03-04T10:24:00.000+07:00

Does accounting problems keep you worried all the time? Do you have to spend most of your time trying to keep a track of how to handle your accounting work? Do you spend long hours just trying to make your balance sheet tally? Can you check a fraud and a theft by just browsing through your accounts sheets? If these questions bother you all the time then accounting help will be a boon to you and your business.

Accounting help services have grown by leap and bounds in recent times due to the professional help it brings for the business.

There are various advantages when one considers taking help from accounting help services.

1.They will have a professional giving you advice not only on how to handle the accounts and balance sheets but also on how to improve on the business to keep the profits coming. They will also tell you which accounting practices to follow keeping in mind the kind of business you have. This takes up almost half the worry you have when you sit to do the accounting work.

2.The cost incurred in taking help of an accounting help service is much less than hiring an actual professional to do the same job. This is because the professional hired will do the job only for the business while the accounting help services gives advice to multiple businesses, making their cost of services very low at the same time maintaining the professionalism.

3.Not only does it help in saving the added expenses but also helps in saving resources and man power by cutting down on salary and perquisites.

4.Accounting help services also make a daily report of the way the business is growing, the transactions that occur with particular clients and the recent trends and pattern the business makes. This helps review the business and grow avenues.

5.It also gives the other business followers such as shareholders, stakeholders, creditors and debtors a particular amount of faith in the business. Since it also gives transparency to the business it is very beneficial for income tax purpose.

6.It gives you the added time needed to think over the growth aspect of the business. It also rids you of a lot of mental trauma of dealing with figures and accounting procedures.

7.If your business is doing low in the times of recession the accounting help services offer sound advice on how to improve on the business or if it is more feasible to sell out the business. They also help you figure out how much the business is currently worth in this tough time of recession.

8.It is highly recommended for small businesses that face cut throat competition and have very small profit making margins. Since they don’t make enough money to support a full time professional, hence taking help from accounting services becomes mandatory.

The only disadvantage is the one might not like a third party reviewing the books of accounts of the firm. But this problem can be changed once you understand the business accounts are kept highly confidential.

Why Container Shipping & Storage Is So Convenient For You

2009-03-03T09:30:00.000+07:00

There are several reasons you might choose container storage system for your self storage needs but two in particular reason stands out to me. It's got to be because I found them to be reasonably priced and relatively convenient. There was no truck to rent and my valuable time was saved from shopping around. Many companies have popped up in the market for this particular product so it's still wise to get several moving quotes.

The great feature I found with this type of storage was obviously the convenience and that you only have to handle your items really once. Once you have packed your container all you have to do next is call the company you leased the unit from and they come and pick up the container either at your home or office. How convenient is that system. I even put a small sports car into one unit because it was less expensive than having my car professionally shipped. The auto shipping quotes I received were outrageous.

Did I mention that after you pack the container you lock it up and keep the key with you? No one else will ever have access to your storage container. As an added security measure, Door to Door moving container companies place a tamper proof seal on each and every one of the containers. You can rest assured that your items are safe. Storage containers are stored in secure locations for your properties protection.

I feel that you would be quite satisfied with this kind of system. If you have never heard of this type of mobile storage don't worry yourself over it. It is a simple yet very effective idea that involves Door-to-Door storage and moving companies around the counter. The industry has brought you a storage container option system that you can bring to your home or place of business.

While Door to Door moving companies can schedule regular access to their storage facility, it's not just available like a traditional self storage site would be. Typically a two hour notice was needed for any unscheduled access. This option may not work for all businesses needing immediate access to important documentation that must be immediately accessed.

Because people need to store their sofas, beds, washer and dryers and everything else that comes in a house, it's important to be able to get these items arranged and stored properly. I advise you to search the internet for proper packing tips so it can save you a lot of time trying to figure it out. While you're at it I still do suggest that you get several moving and auto transporting quotes to save yourself a lot of time. It's all worth the money you can save in the end.

What Comes After The End

2009-03-02T10:15:00.000+07:00

A new beginning always comes after an ending. We are on the threshold of a new awareness in human evolution. All the periods we have gone through have brought us to this place in time. Currently we are experiencing the ending of religion and the industrial revolution. They have taken us as far as they can.

We were taken in by the promise of peace on earth, good will to man, more leisure time to spend in relationships, recreation, and learning. None of these promises have been realized and it is obvious that neither of these systems will take us there. They have brought us to the precipice where it's time to change direction or take the final leap.

A box that is built from the outside-in can take you nowhere; because there is nowhere to go. Every box eventually runs out of energy; and for those who have built the box and gathered together the people in it; their last words of denial will fade as the box is emptied and collapses in on itself.

Four thousand years of religion gave people hope for a better future. But it has failed because it is based on promises not action or something observable, and it is controlled by those who would benefit the most. It was built into a very tight box that gave no room for growth, and eternal damnation for those who apposed.

Religion was never designed for intellectual people. It was sold through fear, because its promises could not be manifested or observed in this world. This life is the time and place where any belief system needs to prove itself. This is where the benefits need to be realized. We are spirit having a physical experience. We are not here to be spiritual, and this is where it all counts; where it's needed the most.

A few hundred years of industrialization has enslaved humanity in the pursuit of buying what they have built, with little time to enjoy the benefits of the machine. It is the machines who are enjoying the benefits as they interact with each other, while we humans slave away to support them.

It, like religion was sold to us. The promise of more free time and less labor has not materialized. The collapse of world markets and the monetary system is inevitable. In the game of monopoly, the objective is to own it all and along with that goes the bank. It is a dead end road. If one owns all the money it becomes worthless and there is no one to play with. Money only has value when it is spent. It is another box that is doomed from the beginning.

The only worthwhile box is one with a door and a window. An open system brings in new life, energy, and there is continuing growth. Take out the door and window and life is absorbed by the darkness. Every step must lead to the next and the path must be clear. Every idea must die and be replaced by another.

It is what we do; we are creators and there is no other purpose for our being. We are either creators or victims, but even in our victim hood we are creators of a greater picture of which we are willing supporters. We die when the idea dies unless we are willing to see through the window and walk through the door before the idea has run its course.

Has it not occurred to you that humanity moves very slowly in physical time and space? For thousands of years we have lived very simply. Up until just over 100 years ago, we lived primitively; using crude tools, using fire to light out homes and streets. We rode horses and used parchments or other people to communicate our thoughts to the rest of the world.

What happened in the last 100 years, where did all this new technology come from? How did man become so smart so quickly? There are people still living on dirt floors and drinking water from polluted streams with no light in their huts.

At the same time and space there are people watching TV, flying in space ships, and using computers to communicate with each other and their machines. Have you noticed that something is happening, and happening very quickly? Are you not the least curious? Do you know why this is happening?

There are thousands of people who are feeling the change. Is it just coincidence that in this same time frame there have been intuitive, artists, and writers who have noticed these changes? Are they alarmists or is there something to what they have to say. The change is real and it is observable; so something is different whether we choose to accept it or not.

The world is changing and we hear that all the time. But what does that mean and who is driving that change, and where is it all going?

It simply means that the dinosaurs are dying off. Those who would not change will be no more. Those who have a vision for the future will be part of the change. The world is changing because people's thoughts are changing. It is not God or anything outside of ourselves that will create the new world.

The world is the way it is now because of our thoughts and how we imagine it. Imagination is the inspiration for change. At some time we imagined the world as round with other continents and people and we demonstrated that. At sometime we imagined that we would sail into the skies and we created the ability to do that. We imagined other worlds and travelling into space and we are doing that.

Our thoughts about whom and what we are in relation to our environment brings about changes in it. We are creators; that is our sole purpose for being. If you insist on thinking so, then it was God who gave us this power. He gave us dominion over the earth and its beasts. However, in an enlightened state we know that we and God are the same thing; we are God having a physical experience.

In this state of change it will be the enlightened ones who determine our next step in evolution. It will be you and I who have imagined a better world, who will create it. It will be a world that is based on what works and what does not work; not right and wrong, good or bad. It will be created not by our five senses alone, but by our psychic abilities as well.

In the new world there will be no need for the things we used in the past. We will have greater awareness of our own ability to create on demand what we want and what we want to experience. This world will have no need for money, conflict or war. There will be a higher regard for our environment, and no need to horde abundance as what we want will be created on demand by ourselves, by using our creative abilities to manifest it.

All these things are possible and within our present ability to create them; unless you think not. And if you belief not; you will experience not.

Imagine your world; think about what you want to experience. Be creative and intelligent about what you really, really, really want. It is those who can do this; who will be part of it. Every one of us already know what we want. It is the bottom line, the root of our desires that will create them.

Is it happiness, security and freedom or is it things, guns and parent figures which we now have that we think we want to bring with us? Those must all be left behind; it is what we already have experienced that we want to move past. Old ideas will not build a new future.

This life is only one of many that you have already experienced and will be your step into a new future that you will also experience. Why not imagine it in your mind now. You are part of a process that creates worlds and universes. The world is the way it is now, because you are part of it. Take away one ingredient out of a recipe and it becomes something else. Every time someone dies or is born the world changes. You can change the future by changing the past. Imagine the future then return to the past to create it.

You are not as insignificant as you may think you are. Presently there are 6 billions minds experiencing the earth in 6 billion different ways. Your future will be likewise. Create your world now; don't wait for someone to give it to you. New experiences cannot be created using old thoughts. Move out of the box. Plan your creation, and have it ready for you when you return and are prepared to move in.

Your time has run out. Think about what has happened over the last 100 years; things are moving quickly now. You must prepare using a different thought about whom and what you are. You are God; how would you create your new world. If it is lasting happiness that we all want, then how would we demonstrate that happiness?

Be intelligent about it; for instance we know that wanting money and getting it, does not bring us happiness. We may get it under unhappy circumstances and may not live to enjoy it. Think about what you really want; the money or the happiness.

Remember the words of Albert Einstein "You cannot solve any problem in the same state of consciousness in which it was created."

Types Of Plastic Pipes And Their Uses

2009-03-02T10:09:00.000+07:00

With the high price of plumbers it is understandable that so many people are now deciding that the do it yourself route is a far more affordable option. Plastic pipe is the perfect material for the job as even the lay man can manage to put together a piping system.

Naturally plastic pipe is an umbrella term that covers a number of different plastics, usually of the thermo variety but still disparate enough to note the differences. Here are some of the most popular plastic pipe variants used.

PVC or polyvinyl chloride is an extremely popular plastic in the piping world; it is extremely rigid and is adept at resisting many chemicals. The main form of welding is though solvents and is predominantly used for applications such as sewers, drain pipes and cold water pressurized water piping. It comes in a variety of different colors.

ABS or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is used for many of the same purposes as PVC although its chemical resistance is lower and it is normally produced with a black coloration.

CPVC or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is like PVC but stands up to high temperatures more effectively and hence is used for hot and cold water supply applications.

The previous three plastic pipe variants are all rigid whereas PB (polybutylene) and PE (polyethylene) are flexible; the former being rigid and used for the same purposes as CPVC and the latter being low cost. Both of these types are not joined with solvents but are instead formed with mechanical and clamped couplings.

In terms of buying the pipe for your plumbing needs pipes normally come in sizes along two lines, these being pipe sizes and tubing sizes. Pipe sizes relate to the old steel pipes while tube sizes relate to copper tube.

It is important to note that different plastic pipes should not be connected together, like for like connections are always advisable. Because the plastic pipe industry moves quickly it is important to recognize that building regulations should always be consulted before undertaking any work.

For instance regulations permit the use of CPVC and PB pipe for hot water applications. These two pipes are perfect for constructing in-home hot water systems as they are corrosion free and durable. It should be remembered however that this form of pipe should not be used for electrical grounding as it is non-conductive.

PVC pressure pipes should predominantly be used for cold water movement in outdoor areas; such as water sprinkling systems in gardens. PE pipe is similar although it is flexible rather than rigid, and is perfectly suited to deep piping well purposes.

There are two major methods of fitting piping systems together; these are solvent welding and mechanical coupling. Solvent welding is simple enough although care should be taken to carry out the task effectively to prevent any leaks. The pipe must be cut squarely, cleaned thoroughly, coated with solvent and then joined with the fitting piece.

It should be remembered however that cuts are final, there is no way back should you cut the pipe too short. Mechanical coupling however is used with plastic pipes that cannot be welded with solvents. Normally it requires a simple click into place as the fittings have barbs and clamps that prevent leaking.

Hopefully this information has given an idea on the types of plastic pipe out their and their uses. Additionally it is also hoped that the information on fitting will give DIY enthusiasts the knowledge that is needed to construct their own plumbing systems.

The Trend towards Miniaturization

2009-02-27T09:48:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Coline Chase

Designing electronic and mechanical devices has become a task in reducing things in size while still maintaining functionality. We expect smaller, portable, highly precise equipment that can be used in rugged field conditions over long periods of time. Measuring devices are reduced in size and upgraded in accuracy. Electric motors can fit inside cramped spaces and yet perform as well as engines that are larger.

This move towards miniaturization and precision is a result of technology developed during the Cold War. Specifically, the need for more computing power and more reliable machines that could be used in different situations, such as in space missions and with ICBMs, made it a necessity to find a way to decrease the size of motors, processors, and other electronic and electric devices.

These advances translated into a demand by the general public for motors that must be designed, engineered, and built for increased level of reliability. If we can get a man to the moon, after all, why can’t we have motors that fit on a desk top or in an assembly line robot that can be efficient as well as accurate?

In fact, as the technology got better, the standards to which we held that technology also got higher. These motors were now tested to rigorous standards with the help of the additional testing of resolver and encoder options.

Now we can find motors and servos in areas outside the military. These motors are generally found in those applications that need coordinated and precise motion control.

For example, a robot putting together parts for an automobile on an assembly line might contain several servo motors, many of them small and able to accurately perform the same motion over and over again. An industrial welding robot can move at a great speed and in a six axes motion because of motors that are reliable and able to fit in tight spaces.

In fact, as important as it is for a small motor to be precise, it should also be rugged and reliable as well. After all, a small motor that is delicate does nothing to increase productivity. Small parts that break easily are no good to anyone. Just as humans can suffer from repetitive stress injuries from performing the same task over and over again, so too can motors and servos get worn out from the actions performed on the assembly line.

There is also the environment on the assembly line that must be dealt with. Small motors may be developed in laboratories but they do no good if they are never introduced in the field. Such harsh conditions can further cause the deterioration of materials, so these machines should be able to stand up to them.

With deterioration, motor repair becomes necessary. With age, motors become less reliable, less precise, and because of their small parts, all this can lead to additional costs. Thus, it becomes necessary to do research into the types of small electric motors and servo motors you purchase for your application. Nowadays, a servo motor which has the ability to withstand harsh conditions is much more affordable than in years that have passed due to advancements in design.

When selecting a servo motor, one must keep in mind the accuracy, speed, and the performance factors, along with it the reliability, which is its ability to suit to varied harsh environments. It must again have the proper voltage and power ratings, be able to handle close temperature, vibration, and harsh conditions. These should be all balanced out with cost factors. With well built components, unexpected repairs and costly shut-down time can be avoided.

The computing power that once resided in a cavernous basement is now able to sit on a corner on your desk. Motors can guide machines to put together other machines. Electric devices just keep getting smaller and smaller and yet, precision and durability are not sacrificed. As time goes on, we will see this trend continued, as it has continued since the 1950s.

The Cold War, the Space Race, and the turbulent upheavals that came after World War II contributed to the creation of smaller electric motors, components, and measuring devices that are portable and accurate. It is important to realize that if you are looking for a motor or servo for some application, that miniaturization is a trend that will continue and it will bring innovations that you should stay abreast of.

Save Money with Remanufactured Compressors

2009-02-27T09:44:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Ken Fillby

Once your compressor stops working, usually you get a new one installed in its place. With the installation of the new one, the old ones find their place in a factory where they are rebuilt or remanufactured. The damaged compressor is first thoroughly examined, and then the real cause behind the breakdown is sorted out and repaired. This remanufactured compressor is then sold away.

However, you will find it interesting to know that rebuilt compressors are just as good as the new ones and most importantly, they help you save a lot of money. Once your compressor reaches the remanufacturing factory, it is examined by expert mechanics.

They find the exact fault in the system. After the damaged part is located, new parts replace it. Since the compressor is not entirely new, the factory charges only for the replaced sections and not for the entire compressor. Thus, it results in a cost-effective process that helps you save a lot of money.

When a compressor stops working, all the components of the compressor may not be faulty. Only the worn-out or outdated ones may need a replacement. If you opt to buy a new compressor you may have to spend a fortune. Instead, a replacement of the worn-out parts will help you save a lot.

You might argue in favor of a new compressor as it comes with a warranty. But it is important to note that the replaced parts also come with a warranty period. After the compressors are remanufactured they are tested to verify whether they can withstand strenuous applications or not. This leaves no doubt that a remanufactured compressor can certainly overcome the test of time.

The percentage of money you can save by getting a compressor manufactured will depend on the type, size and demand of the unit that is replaced. On some applications, the expense of rebuilding or remanufacturing a compressor can certainly be quite lower. This can even give you up to 50% savings as compared to the cost of a new compressor. If the units are high in demand and the price is good, then the savings can be 30-20%.

After the successful replacement, the compressor is tested in tough conditions to verify its performance. This company assures to deliver remanufactured compressors that are durable and within affordable budget. So, next time your compressor gives you trouble, you can surely get it remanufactured and save a lot of money.

Re manufactured Compressors

2009-02-26T09:35:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Trudi Bennet

An air conditioner, whether in your house, office, factory, or car is likely to show faults after some time and extensive use. This multi-component piece of machinery, which does the cooling work similar to that of a refrigerator, removes the warm air from a room or car and pushes in the cool air.

At times, your air conditioner may not run smoothly. Lack of cool air is a sign that there is some fault with the air conditioner. The fault may be in any part of the air conditioner including the compressor. An air conditioner’s compressor is its powerhouse as it pumps out the refrigerant. The compressor is also the most expensive and significant section of an air conditioner.

In general, compressors come with a warranty period. A quality compressor can work well for years. However, it will not offer the same service for a lifetime. Once your air conditioner stops working properly, and a fault occurs in the compressor, you can either get a new compressor or a re manufactured compressor fitted into it.

The basic functioning of an air conditioner involves the theory of successive heating and cooling of a highly volatile liquid. There are five main components of an air conditioner: a compressor, a condenser, a dryer, an expansion valve and an evaporator. It also comprises a hot coil to dissolve heat, a cold coil to absorb heat, and two fans (placed inside and outside), that are some other fundamental aspects that help to modify the temperature.

A new compressor can be purchased and installed in place of the old one. However, re manufacturing a compressor is also a great idea. A compressor consists of several small parts and a faulty compressor is the result of one or more of those parts being damaged.

Compressors that are re manufactured have their faulty parts or the damaged parts replaced by new parts. Thus, the entire compressor becomes as good as new and the cost incurred from re manufacturing is relatively less than getting a completely new one. Before getting a compressor re manufactured, make sure that the company taking up the responsibility of rebuilding the compressor is good at its job. It is best to employ an expert for this task, as only an expert can detect the main problem and get the job done in the best way.

A certified air and gas compressors manufacturing services company specializes in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning compressors. It is the main area of their work. The enterprise should offer top-class services in re manufactured compressors with high quality equipment and technicians that can get your job done easily, leaving you with no space for complaints.

In the process of rebuilding your compressor, the experts at the company clean out the compressor and change the internal as well as the external sections with the ones that are configured to be fitted in. Following this, thorough testing and quality control are done to verify the durability and performance of the compressor in strenuous situations. After that, the outdated and worn out parts of a compressor are replaced by new parts.

With the replacement of the damaged parts, the rebuilt compressor is all set to be utilized in any application. Thus, a compressor that has been re manufactured with all new parts is almost similar to a new compressor. Sometimes, it is better to mend a compressor with new parts than to end its service. Make sure that you get your air conditioning or refrigeration unit to an expert before deciding on whether to replace it or not. Chances are that by simply replacing the compressor’s won out parts, it will work fabulously.

Promotional Plastic Bags Add a Lot of Promotional Value

2009-02-26T09:31:00.000+07:00

Business promotion and advertising in the contemporary scenario have become as important for an organization as manufacturing products and services. Gone are the days, when all a company needed to do was to make best quality products and services. Today, there are a lot more functions that a company needs to perform, with business promotion being the most important of them all.

To accomplish this important and challenging function, companies are devising new and innovative promotional campaigns. Whether it is organizing special events or going for extensive advertising via the contemporary media, the companies are treading every possible path that they can en route to promotion.

Every promotional campaign has its own promotional value and its own ability to endorse the organization. To add to the promotional value of the campaign, promotional plastic bags could be a great idea. Yes, you read that absolutely right- a promotional plastic bag. This 'not so extraordinary' item can work wonders for your brand and can go at length in making your brand a household identity.

Promotional plastic bags might just be one of the most simplest and ordinary items that you could choose to give away. But if you are smart enough to realize the useful nature of this 'Oh! So simple' item, chances are you can see the promotional potential of this promotional plastic bag.

Promotional plastic bags are simple but something that is highly useful. Take a look around and you are sure to find an average of four to five promotional plastic bags. Such is the presence of this promotional item. Promotional plastic bags are needed by one and all for various purposes.

Something that is of such great usage obviously holds great potential to endorse your brand. So when you hand out a promotional plastic bag, you can be fully assured that your promotional item is going to be in use and your message will get noticed.

This simple promotional plastic bag just doesn't get you noticed by the immediate recipient. Instead, it gets you noticed by a wide section of the audience. Promotional plastic bags are one item that can take your message out on the streets. Each time, this wonderful item is out, it makes sure that it gets every passer by to check out your brand name at least once.

This process of getting your message noticed by others around continues for long with these promotional plastic bags. These sturdy carry bags survive for long and are virtually indestructible which ensure that your message is never going to die out. Wide reach and exposure plus a long tenure served by these promotional plastic bags are definitely going to add a lot of promotional value.

Microwave Heating in Industrial Settings

2009-02-25T09:52:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Hope Baxter

Microwave heating was discovered accidentally during the development of radar when Percy Spencer, an engineer at Raytheon, noticed that his candy bar melted in his pocket whenever a radar set was activated. Unlike other forms of heating that have to first penetrate the surface of a solid and then work its way inside, microwave heating evenly distributes the electromagnetic waves to heat evenly throughout. This is why microwave heating is known for its ability to heat things rapidly.

We know microwave heating has a place in the kitchen, but after its development into a cost efficient way to heat things quickly, microwave ovens found themselves in other industrial applications. Heating in industrial processes is not new, and in some cases, using a microwave oven might be overkill. But consider the following and you too will see the usefulness of microwaves in the industrial workplace:

Even distribution of heat

Electromagnetic waves, which categorize what microwaves are, are energy that can penetrate objects thoroughly and evenly. When using other forms of heat such as convection, the heat source first heats up the air. This heated air is enclosed with the object to be heated and the heat is then transferred to the surface of this object. Energy is expended to heat the object from the outside-in.

In certain cases, such as when working with ceramics for sensors or semi-conductors, this may not be desirable at all. The insides get “undercooked” while the outside may be overly “well done.” An uneven distribution of heat may cause design flaws, fractures, or other imperfects to form. When imperfections form in ceramics used in sensors, for instance, this may cause the sensor to fail prematurely, or even not function at all. By using the penetrating energy of microwaves, objects are heated evenly. Heating using radiation from microwaves becomes vastly superior to heating through convection.

Quality of product is increased

As stated above, now that even distribution of heat can occur, the quality of the product is maintained. Components have fewer defects. MTBF is increased because fewer deformities and fewer imperfections manifest in the components produced. Cosmetically, the chances of a product “looking better” are also increased.

If your company produces automotive parts, you can use microwave heating in your process heating and create a more reliable product. While the equipment might seem harder to maintain and more expensive that a convection oven, for instance, you make the money back in increased business. Lower MTBF, fewer defects per components manufactured, and an overall better product will assure that you will supply your vendor with the parts he or she is looking for consistently.

More efficient than standard ovens

Also related to the above points is the fact that microwave technology is efficient in creating heat. You can keep costs low by heating your components faster, pushing more through the assembly line process. Also, there is less set up time as you don’t have to “fire up” the oven at the start of the day and then turn it off at the end of the shift. Energy is used to heat the component, part, or product evenly.

No time is wasted on heat transference that is ultimately not going to heat your product all the way through. Most of the energy is used for the purpose of heating and is not lost. This helps to keep costs low, especially if you are in a highly competitive field in which components are produced by many suppliers. The faster you get your products out there and the lower you keep your costs, the better your chances of attaining a higher margin.

There are certain things to consider before making a change from conventional heating to microwave heating:

# Cost: Cost does not only assume the cost from making the switch. Will making the switch end up paying for itself within a reasonable amount of time? Will it increase your output, make better products, and keep costs low? A cost analysis should be performed before purchasing the equipment. While microwaves ovens are reliable, they are a major investment.

# Industry Standards: If you have a highly competitive industry that does not use microwave heating, and the quality of products varies, this might make you stand out as a reliable supplier capable of fast and voluminous output.

Once these factors are considered, you can make a better decision about employing microwave heating into your production process. Though the discovery of microwave energy’s ability to heat objects was accidental, it revolutionized the process by making it faster, efficient, and more reliable. It might be time to consider employing microwave heating into your processes.

It Is Time For More Small Businesses and Big Corporations To Start Giving Back To The Environment

2009-02-25T09:48:00.000+07:00

Two of the biggest problems that mankind faces today are exploitation of the environment in the name of research and development & the unequal distribution of resources among people. Both these problems are created by mankind itself. When the industrial revolution brought about globalization and opening up of economies all around the world, little did we think what would be the adverse repercussions of these developments.

Today’s industrialists and business owners seem to be largely obsessed with only the profit line. It is time we all take a look at what we have actually done for society and the environment. After all, we are all an integral part of the environment and the society.

An example of how a small organization can do its bit for the society is seen at Space Plus LLC, a woman-owned company that specializes in innovative office space solutions including sliding glass doors, workspace enclosures, partitions, conference room dividers and storage enclosures.

On August 6, 2007, Space Plus received an email from the “Make A Wish Foundation” about a boy named Hector from Indio, California. He was diagnosed with Chronic Renal Failure. Hector is one of 4 children. 3 of those children have life-threatening conditions. Hector shared a room with his sister and very much wanted a room of his own.

Sheryl Hai-Ami, President of Space Plus LLC met with Bonnie Rubin, a wish grantor from “Make A Wish Foundation” and within one month, Hector had a sliding glass room divider that enclosed a room just for him! The room divider goes from floor to ceiling and offers privacy when Hector needs it. The sliding panels can also open up to allow a larger open area when he prefers a more open environment.

Space Plus also sets an example for being an environment-conscious company. They use only recyclable materials that are perfect for “green” construction projects to implement their office and home space solutions.

The Space Plus LLC product line of office enclosures, privacy walls and room dividers is comprised of sliding glass panels that allow light to shine through while giving privacy behind each panel. The glass and aluminum frames are all recyclable and do not require any harsh chemicals to clean them, further enhancing a clean environment.

If each and every organization in the world, big or small, decided to do their share for society and the environment, the world would be a much better place to live.

How the Type of Material Affects Plastic Machining

2009-02-24T09:23:00.000+07:00

Plastic machining can be a difficult process, especially because of the diverse range of materials that are used in the industry. Problems with plastic routing are often caused by the variations in plastic throughout the manufacturing process, and these differences are combined with a number of different applications for the plastic. There are some common plastic machining problems that are easy to tackle, however, when you know what to look for and how to react.

During the plastic routing process, an individual might be unable to recognize the different physical properties of the specific material being used, and they will only know the generic name of the plastic. Plastic machining might have to be altered just because of a different color of plastic, though, so it is important to understand how differences in the plastic can play a huge role in how it reacts to plastic drill bits and other cutting tools. One of the easiest ways to categorize plastic routing jobs is by hard or soft plastic, which can be easily determined by the flexibility or rigidity of the material or the type of chip it produces in the routing process.

When individuals are using the right plastic drill bits and other cutting tools for the specific job, soft plastic should curl a chip and hard plastic should produce a splintered wedge. There are also different types of hard and soft plastic, though. The plastic machining process might have to be altered to accommodate the different characteristics of plastic within each of these generic groups. They require different plastic routing considerations because of the way they machine.

Plastics are not the same, and they can not be machined in the same way. Ignoring this fact can create problems from the beginning, but knowing what to look for can make the process as simple as can be.

Handling Stripped Threads

2009-02-24T09:20:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: John Smit

There is nothing more annoying than stripped threads. When a thread is stripped or just somehow mangled, it slows down the work you are doing. In one fell swoop, a steady work flow becomes interrupted.

You can use threaded inserts in helping you repair a stripped screw. Threaded inserts are used to either repair a stripped threaded hole or to provide a more durable threaded hole in softer materials that can withstand repeated assembly and disassemble or other types of hash activity. They come in two varieties, solid and wire.

Solid inserts are tubes with a thread on the inside and outside. Some inserts also have methods of being locked down that will prevent the insert from coming out when unscrewing the fastener that is inserted. The solid insert repairs the thread by providing a new thread within the original hole.

As the tube also has threads on the outside and has a snug fit within the hole, the threads on the outside of the solid insert push into the surface of the hole, digging in so the new threading remains secure. In this fashion, the new thread grips the hole and gives the fastener a new thread to grip to.

Wire inserts, on the other hand, are wires of a specific diameter and shape that are coiled up, almost like a spring. Generally these are of larger diameter than the hole they are inserted into so that they hold themselves in tightly but they have a smaller thickness than the tube. They provide the same thread repair capabilities as solid inserts but might be useful in places where the hole needs a thread insert that is not as thick as a solid insert.

When repairing a thread with an insert, drill out all the damaged thread with the appropriately sized bit. Then, tap a thread into the hole and thread the insert into the hole. If there is a tang or some type of locking key, make sure those are dealt with as well.

When repairing a stripped thread with an insert, make sure to take care of the problem with the right method. Removing and attaching fasteners over and over again will cause wear and tear on the threads. Repair them correctly and the time you spend will be worthwhile.

Different AC Motor Controls

2009-02-23T09:41:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Rob Adams

Every AC motor needs to be accompanied with an efficient motor controller to ensure proper functioning. Installing such a control system can prove to be beneficial as it can serve you in a number of ways. It may include a single device or a group of devices that manage the entire working of the motors in a preset manner.

AC motor controls may incorporate either manual or automatic functions. They serve you in starting and stopping the motors, selecting forward or reverse rotation of the motors, modifying or limiting the motor torque, protecting the motors from overloads and faults and choosing and regulating the right speed.

Sophisticated AC motor controllers are commonly referred to as motor drives. They balance the signal type with the control signals. The signal type is either analog or digital like power and voltage signals. The controllers can also work for power conversion, increasing the signal waves and sequencing the waveforms. You can fit in these motor drives in diverse types of AC motors.

These efficient motor controllers have different functionalists for different motor types. AC induction motors primarily induce current into the rotor windings without being physically connected to the stator windings. The induction motor drives uniquely feature electrical isolation and self-protection against faults.

They usually comprise a device programmer, in-circuit debugger, motor control development board, a high voltage motor and a 3-phase or 1-phase high voltage power module. Usually, most of the industrial applications call for three-phase windings. This is because these motors allow variable speed control and considerable power in any kind of setting.

The synchronous motors are those, which operate at a constant level of speed up to the full load. They do not slip in order to produce torque. These motors are driven by inverter controllers and feature a huge list of functions such as electro-mechanical braking, electronic power assisted steering, motor torque regulation, and many more. You can choose them for several industrial and automotive applications, so as to ensure the highest productivity for your machines.

Among the extensive collection of AC motor controls, the vector drive motors can control both the voltage and the frequency in an independent way. This eventually results in low-torque turnouts. The pole changing motor controls, suited to the synchronous AC motors, takes care of the pole number. This is a way to alter the number of poles in the primary winding.

Another variety of synchronous motor control includes the AC servo motor controls that make use of brush less commutation with necessary feedback. The most prevailing technologies utilize the concepts of moving coil, switched reluctance designs and moving magnets. You need to study your requirements well in order to purchase the most suitable controls for your motors. Some of the designs use encoders and resolvers to get adequate feedback regarding speed and position.

If you wish to have a well-crafted control system for your robotic system and industrial robots, then the efficient robotic motion controllers would be the right choice for you. These controllers essentially apply digital motion control hardware and software for the purpose of controlling the necessary components.

Inverter drives constitute a very common type of motor control system. They convert inputs in AC power to outputs with DC power. Again, if you require motor controls with very high frequency, then you can choose from a wide array of high frequency drives. These drives are used to supply power to the AC motors at substantially high frequency, as compared to the common power applications. You can also opt for the variable speed drives that serve you by adjusting and controlling the speeds of your motors.

All these AC motor controls can be differentiated on the basis of their unique features, configurations, functioning parameters, and electrical ratings such as, rated power, maximum output voltage, and peak output current. However, you need to seek help from specialists to study your business necessities and offer you motor controllers with the most apt features.

An AC electric motor performs optimally through the controlled usage of electric power and sufficient savings on the expenditure of the owners. These motors were invented for the purpose of applying the system of alternate current transmission, in order to give an overall voltage control. If you own a medium or big cap factory, installing these motors can be quite cost saving. They provide efficient generation and distribution of electric power over long distances.

Consider a Semi Hermetic Compressor

2009-02-23T09:38:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Bill Jones

Unlike hermetic compressor, which is a sealed unit, the semi-hermetic compressor is kept partially open. This is user operable. A hermetic compressor is known as "tin can". If this compressor fails, the user is compelled to replace it.

Contrary to the hermetic compressor, semi-hermetic compressors can be rebuilt. Usually it is the valve plates that expire. These are the units you want to utilize for "real" refrigeration work. These are recommended for both outdoor and indoor use and are the best weapon for fighting extreme temperature swings.

A compressor is a must for many industries, including refrigeration. Engineers can use it for refrigeration repair work while the owner of a large refrigeration unit could be looking for one in order to replace a non-function unit. Due to their flexible nature and relatively lower operation cost, semi-hermetic compressors suit people on a shoestring budget who are looking for good value for their money. They are inherently silent by nature and people with a need for a quieter environment will select them by default.

Among the various types of compressors, the semi-hermetic compressors are most useful because of their energy efficiency. Thanks to the semi-hermetic build, such compressors are compact and hence suitable for places where space crunch is a concern. It is a lot more lightweight compared to the equivalent open type compressor.

As a result, semi-hermetic compressors do not need heavy bases. Since the motor is situated on the compressor crankshaft, semi-hermetic compressors do not suffer from the recurring ailment of refrigerant leakage. They are also immune to problems that stem from heavy vibration.

Before buying a semi-hermetic compressor, you must look into the energy efficiency as well as the operating cost involved. The motor that has the lowest life cycle cost is the best for consumer. Most compressor efficiency evaluations are decided on the base of total load design value, whereas most system operation takes place under decreased load and diminished efficiency operation.

Reputed companies will ensure the best quality compressor’s pistons for an improved cooling capability. At the same time, it also uses energy efficient motors that cut down power consumption. The longevity of the semi-hermetic compressor is another issue that should concern you. If you, however, purchase the semi-hermetic compressors from a reputed company, the use of durable bearings ensures freezer longevity and enables the semi-hermetic compressors to run at lower operating speeds to mitigate noise and vibration.

Reputed companies build semi-hermetic compressors that incorporate tried and tested semi-hermetic cooling technology. It gives the user an unparallel blend of performance and reliability that drastically diminishes maintenance costs. Since the semi-hermetic compressors created by these companies maintain a consistent cooling to keep the food inside your freezer at the perfect temperatures, the user need not worry even under the extreme weather.

These semi-hermetic compressors have been built robustly to work with even clogged condensers. Moreover they come with superior HFC and POE lubrication system to stand the test of time. What also sets the company apart is the fact that it offers excellent customer service.

So if you are planning to buy semi hermetic compressors go for a reputed company. This is a key device for the success of your refrigeration plans. So look no further and go for semi hermetic compressors from companies that offer you a great deal at a best price.

Aerospace Fasteners In Use new

2009-02-18T09:35:00.000+07:00

Authors Name: Ann Romano

If you specialize in the aerospace manufacturing industry, then it is important for you to carry a wide variety of fasteners, inserts (tang less can be useful in this capacity), and the proper equipment with which to use these materials.

Aerospace fasteners built for these specific requirements, therefore, are the most essential elements in meeting fastening requirements in engines, airframe and several other hydraulic systems. It not only ensures safety to the aircraft, but by building with quality parts, you also enhance your business returns. Choices are many, as far as the variety, sizes and shapes of the product are concerned. Moreover, the materials used to create the fasteners are compliant with the manufacturer and military standards.

The safe operation of an aircraft as well as your business reputation is highly dependent on the accurate selection and usage of hardware in the manufacturing process you employ. A regular aircraft is made of numerous small items. An aircraft builder must have complete knowledge of the hardware necessary for building an aircraft and also be able to have fully traceable parts as in many cases, government buyers cannot purchase without being able to trace each part back to a particular source.

It is advisable to use only quality hardware in building an aircraft for the specific purpose of aerospace manufacturing. A custom built aircraft requires thousands of hardware pieces. Some of the categories of hardware include bolts, nuts, washers, screws, cotter pins and safety wire, rivets, turn lock fasteners, control cable hardware, fluid lines and fittings, inserts, electrical wiring and connectors.

Since an aircraft faces a lot of vibration, the nuts must be fixed with a locking device to ensure that they stay in place. These nuts can be locked with cotter pins, commonly used in locker washers, safety wire, fiber nuts and castle nuts. The most common nuts used in aircraft hardware include castle nuts, self-locking nuts, plain nuts, wing nuts and anchor nuts.

Castle nuts made from steel and cadmium plates are the most commonly used ones. Castle nuts are used along with clevis bolts, shank bolts and eye bolts. These nuts have slots to fit in a cotter pin, done mainly for safety reasons. Self-locking nuts do not require any locking device. They are pretty easy to use, and are therefore, very popular. However, self-locking nuts are generally not used on bolts that are connected to a moving part. A common example of this is the use of a clevis bolt in a control cable application.

Plain aircraft nuts, however, need a locking device. The locking devices used here are lock washer or check nut. They are not very commonly used in air crafts. Other than the ones mentioned, there are some other nuts available as well. Wing nuts are generally applied to battery connections or hose clamps. The proper tightness and fittings are generally brought about by hands. Another type of nut, also known as anchor nut, is broadly used in places where it is not easy to access it. Other types of nuts used include tinnerman nuts, pal nuts, cap nuts, and instruments for mounting nuts.

After you get the appropriate nuts used in an aircraft it is equally necessary to get them installed in the best way. While using a castle nut, just for example, the cotter pin hole might not be in arrangement with the slots on the nut. Here the nut should not be over tightened, but should be permitted to assemble with the next slot along with the cotter pin hole.

Remember, aerospace fasteners are not like fasteners you buy at your hard wear store. They are designed for the rigors or air flight and must be manufactured to appropriate specifications. Make sure that you use the appropriate fasteners for the job at hand.

Advantages of Package Lifts

2009-02-18T09:33:00.000+07:00

Carrying packages, including groceries, manually up and down a flight of stairs is a cumbersome job. Furthermore, it can result in muscle aches, backaches, and may even cause accidents. The invention of package stair lifts has not only made the transportation of goods easier, but also reduced health risks. Package lifts are mechanical devices which are used to transport packages, boxes, containers, cartons, totes or cases up and down the stairs.

In package stair lifts, trays are used instead of seats to transport goods from one level to another. They can be used for commercial and residential applications. They provide access to decks, elevated surfaces, stages, and porches. Package lifts can be installed either on the left side or the right side of the staircase. These lifts can be set up on almost all straight stairways and allow an inclination of about 30 to 50 degrees. Normally, these lifts can travel long distances and most of them have the capacity to bear heavy weights. The platforms of these lifts are made large enough to accommodate bulky packages. When not in use, these can be folded within 9" of wall or rails. The lift controls can be operated using a key and these lifts can be used indoors and outdoors. They are available in a wide variety of colors.

The installation process of package lifts is simple and easy. The rails of the lifts can be cut to size either on site or inside the industrial unit. Metal brackets are typically used to attach the rails to the steps. The brackets aid goods lifts to mount the stairs with ease. The platform is inserted into place after installing the cable and lift motor. As a steadfast drive system is used to power the lift, smooth operation and high performance is achieved in most cases.

Most of the package stair lifts have built-in security systems to ensure safety. Some of the companies incorporate loose-cable-disconnect and instantaneous out-of-order cable safety equipment so as to immobilize the lift in case of a cable break. Considering their reliability, longevity and cost-effectiveness, the advantages of package lifts are vast.

Why manufacturing matters.

2009-02-17T10:16:00.000+07:00

The United States is losing its manufacturing capacity. These losses are reaching a tipping point, where even greater losses, coming even faster are possible.

Already, the U.S. will import almost $400 billion more goods this year that it exports, by that creating a major drag on future U.S. economic growth.

Another result is that the U.S. has lost 2.7 million good-paying manufacturing jobs since the summer of 2000. The majority of these displaced workers are ending up in jobs that have few benefits and less pay. Many of these people cannot find work anywhere, at any wage.

Beyond trade and jobs, manufacturing matters to America for other vital reasons. Manufacturing growth, for instance, spawns more additional expansion than any other economic sector. Each $1 of final manufacturing output creates another $1.43 in related manufacturing and business services such as finance, construction, and transportation.

The reverse, of course, is also true. A decline in manufacturing results in a contraction in those related activities.

Manufacturing matters because U.S.-based manufacturers are responsible for two-thirds of all private Research and Development done in the United States. This R&D ripples through the economy as innovations that lead to new products, new production, and new jobs. But when manufacturers move their factories offshore, most companies also move their R&D, as well. For example, dozens of U.S. companies that have shifted their factories to China are now relocating their R&D there.

Manufacturing matters for it provides a fifth or more of the total gross product of states such as the Carolinas. Replacing the income produced by manufacturing would require states such as California to create $165 billion of new economic activity annually. New York would have to create $77 billion and Texas $93 billion.

The manufacturing base of those and other states were created over the past two centuries. Replacing such large economic contributors overnight, even over a decade, is virtually impossible.

Manufacturing also matters to America because manufacturers pay 30-40 percent of all corporate taxes collected by the federal, state, and local governments. The current decline in state and local revenues throughout the United States can be traced largely to the concurrent decline of U.S. manufacturing.

In sum, manufacturing matters to the people of the United States for it helps produce the taxes we pay, the jobs we need, the goods we consume, and the weapons we use for our national defense.

We think manufacturing in America matters. What do you think?

What you can do for your planet

2009-02-17T10:12:00.000+07:00

The ups and downs of solar panels

When we say the words solar panel we immediately think of saving the world from the clutches of power hungry electric power companies. That is exactly what it is and what you should be thinking of. We as a planet can do anything, we can put those companies out of business, we make the decisions when it comes to our lives and our planet, and right now our planet is in need of our help.

It is up to us to help it, because it has helped and it has given us a home us for millions of years. We have a responsibility to our planet and you can make a difference. Now when you think of getting a solar energy company to send out a solar power contractor or solar power designer to come and install solar panel into your home you think of how expensive it will be.

But if you think of the costs you are paying on energy to your home at the moment, and multiply that by twelve months and about 5 years, you will see that it will be about the same price you will pay for solar electricity. The only difference is that you do not need to keep paying on a monthly basis, you pay once off and it is all yours. And for the rest of your life you can say that you are helping the world be a cleaner place, because that is in fact what we all want, we all want to leave our kids with a clean planet when we die.

So what legacy do you want to leave your kids, you want them to look up to you and you want them to admire you, that is what we all want from our kids. If you get solar energy installed by a solar contractor or solar installer you will have just that. Solar electric power is one way you can help, having a solar home if the biggest way.

And when we say solar home,we are talking about a full solar power system, with the solar thin film, and the full residential solar panel package. Why stop with affordable solar power, where you will get a solar incentive, why not go for a full system of renewable energy?

You can make a difference, so make it, once you have fully equipped your home with a residential solar panel, and your company already has the has the commercial solar panel, you can go for the complete renewable energy on your car too. Make no mistake, the more you do the more you can help, so do as much as you can by not letting these massive oil and electricity companies get away with what they are.

They are killing our planet, even though they know they are, they keep doing it. You know why they keep doing it? Because they are making money, but there are more important things than making money, and that is actually using the air we have to breathe.

Thinking about Quality.

2009-02-16T09:39:00.000+07:00

This is a fascinating and useful exposition of what we have come to call Total Quality Management

A powerful but frequently misunderstood means to organizational transformation. Like such other current management buzzwords as "reengineering" or "collective empowerment," TQM has been enthusiastically and uncritically embraced by managers eager to make profound changes in their organizations.

The results have been mixed. In a series of carefully detailed case studies Dobyns and Crawford-Mason chronicle the very real achievements of TQM when properly implemented, and argue that the equally notable failures are due not to any deficiency in the theory, but to a misunderstanding of the core philosophy that underpins it.

According to the authors, TQM is not a panacea for companies selling the wrong products in the wrong markets, nor was it ever intended to be. Neither is it a quick checklist of useful questions a company or organization needs to ask itself periodically in order to stay on course. Rather, it is a coherent philosophy of continuous systemic improvement, requiring a firm commitment from top management if it is to succeed at all, and likely to take years of implementation before results are demonstrable.

The organizational commitment to make such changes in the face of inevitable resistance from middle managers threatened by new ways of doing things frequently flags, and TQM too often ends up either as an empty slogan or a short-term fix doomed to fail. They conclude with an interesting and provocative look at how TQM might profitably be applied to a variety of other contexts, including health care, public education, and Defense Department procurement.

Steve Brzezinski

The role of manufacturing.

2009-02-16T09:36:00.000+07:00

The part manufacturing plays in the U.S. economy has changed in very complicated ways over the past 50 years. In 1960, people who worked in manufacturing made up 28 percent of the non-farm workforce. That number has fallen to barely more than 10 percent in 2006. And manufacturing's contribution to the gross domestic product has fallen from more than 25 percent to a little over 12 percent.

But at the same time, the value of output has doubled, even after accounting for inflation. In 2000 dollars, manufacturing added more than $1.3 trillion to the U.S. economy in 2006; adjusted to the same values, the 1960 manufacturing contribution to the economy was $646 billion. What this means is that fewer workers add much more value than they did 50 years ago. This increase in productivity keeps important segments of American manufacturing competitive with places where labor costs are lower.

Manufacturing plays a big role in many states. It makes up more than 15 percent of the economy in 15 states. Indiana is by far more dependent on manufacturing than any other state: 28 percent of its gross product comes from factories.

The shift of manufacturing to the South is also evident, with Louisiana, North Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama and Kentucky in the top 10 states in their dependence on manufacturing for gross state product. The District of Columbia has hardly any manufacturing (measured at 0.2 percent) and Alaska and Hawaii, both remote from other markets, have the two smallest manufacturing sectors.