Wu Zhou's home @ Internet

奥运圣火与夸父逐日

2008-08-08T11:13:00.000-05:00

中华文化可谓璀璨夺目，值得歌颂与赞扬的又是数不尽数。虽然开幕式目前还在保密过程中，但是我猜想最能体现奥林匹克精神与中国悠久文化历史的结合，莫过于夸父追日这个遥远的上古神话故事。

《山海经》里如是说：“夸父与日逐走，入日，渴欲得饮。饮于河、渭，河、渭不足；北饮大泽，未至，道渴而死。弃其杖，化为邓（桃）林。而奥林匹克圣火依然出自来自太阳神阿波罗之手。奥林匹克圣火是奥林匹克精神的最高象征，代表希望和梦想，光明与欢乐，友谊、和平、平等以及奥林匹克精神所倡导的坚韧不拔、奋斗为乐的价值理念。

夸父的精神就是勇往直前、信念坚定、无论遇到多么大的困难也绝不退缩，追求光明、坚韧不拔的精神，与太阳赛跑的勇气，不是更快、更高、更强吗？
我猜想奥运会开幕式第一个表演节目一定是夸父逐日！

http://bbs.huanqiu.com/aoyuntitan/thread-50059-1-2.html

Subset Sum Problem and Knapsack Problem

2008-07-05T11:06:00.003-05:00

Subset Sum Problems:

1. Wikipedia's definition
2. Some variants
* as close to the target
* not greater than
3. some other constraints
* minimize the size of the subset
* maximize the size of the subset (seems to be not that practical)

4. Some test cases

10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29

public final static int[] items = {
61, 93, 15, 20, 1, 13, 32, 37, 91, 73, 25, 56, 7, 34, 22, 41, 44, 6, 14, 82};
252 / 767

5. Other codes
http://www.diku.dk/~pisinger/subsum.c

6. Some other variants and application

A Polynomial time Approximate Scheme

美独立日，看看反暴政的《独立宣言》

2008-07-04T17:09:00.004-05:00

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

America the Beautiful

O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!

O beautiful for pilgrim feet
Whose stern impassioned stress
A thoroughfare of freedom beat
Across the wilderness!
America! America!
God mend thine every flaw,
Confirm thy soul in self-control,
Thy liberty in law!

O beautiful for heroes proved
In liberating strife.
Who more than self their country loved
And mercy more than life!
America! America!
May God thy gold refine
Till all success be nobleness
And every gain divine!

O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!

O beautiful for halcyon skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the enameled plain!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
Till souls wax fair as earth and air
And music-hearted sea!

O beautiful for pilgrims feet,
Whose stem impassioned stress
A thoroughfare for freedom beat
Across the wilderness!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
Till paths be wrought through
wilds of thought
By pilgrim foot and knee!

O beautiful for glory-tale
Of liberating strife
When once and twice,
for man's avail
Men lavished precious life!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
Till selfish gain no longer stain
The banner of the free!

O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
Till nobler men keep once again
Thy whiter jubilee!

In Congress, July 4, 1776,

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

JOHN HANCOCK, President

Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary

New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON

Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY

Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY

Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT

Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON

Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON

Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.

New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS

Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS

Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN

North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN

South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON

New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK

Pennsylvania: Robert Morris， Benjamin Rush， Benjamin Franklin， John Morton， George Clymer， James Smith， George Taylor， James Wilson， George Ross

Delaware: Caesar Rodney， George Read， Thomas McKean

Maryland: Samuel Chase， William Paca， Thomas Stone， Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia: George Wythe， Richard Henry Lee， Thomas Jefferson， Benjamin Harrison， Thomas Nelson， Jr.， Francis Lightfoot Lee， Carter Braxton

North Carolina: William Hooper， Joseph Hewes， John Penn

South Carolina: Edward Rutledge， Thomas Heyward， Jr.， Thomas Lynch， Jr.， Arthur Middleton

Georgia: Button Gwinnett， Lyman Hall， George Walton.

776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文中译本：
　　
在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出于人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。
　　
我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布－－
　　
他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。

他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。
　　
他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。
　　
他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。
　　
他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。
　　
他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会；但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。
　　
他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口；为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。
　　
他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。
　　
他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。
　　
他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。
　　
他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。
　　
他力图使军队独立于民政之外，并凌驾于民政之上。
　　
他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下；他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的：
　　
在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；
　　
用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外；
　　
切断我们同世界各地的贸易；
　　
未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；
　　
在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；
　　
罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审；
　　
在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那裹建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治；
　　
取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；
　　
中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。
　　
他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。
　　
他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。
　　
他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。
　　
他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手，或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。
　　
他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。
　　
在这些压迫的每一陷阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。
　　
我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义善感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对于这种正义和血缘的呼声，也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：和我们作战，就是敌人；和我们和好，就是朋友。
　　
因此，我们，在大陆会议下集会的美利坚联盟代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，非经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家，并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。
　　
为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。

About Genetic Algorithm

2008-07-02T21:10:00.003-05:00

Course is finished. Project is half on the way. It is time to glean the relevant stuff.

1. Discussion, maybe contrdiction, about genetic algorithm, in AI board of http://newsmth.net

如何深入学习<<遗传算法>>?

Some excerpts, challenger's point of view:
1) 没用的东西学他干吗?
2) by the way, GA是我本科毕业时作的论文, 10年过去了, 现在还在搞, 这帮老师也够混的.
[[Why do you think this is impressive? odd]]

3) fitness是启发函数，或者甚至是目标值
我觉得kernel方法也用的有点滥了，其实我觉得从模型入手解决问题不是正道，但是解决问题又不能缺少一个适合的模型。我相信统计是最有希望的一条路。不过或者有天才能走出另一条路，但GA这种方法，包括禁忌搜索，蚁群算法之类的，没有太多希望。

统计上也还有问题，比如说有很多模型仍然没有很好的实用算法，或者有比较苛刻的应用条件。不过值得乐观的一点就是，很多问题我们仍然处于牛顿时代，就是说，也许我们能发现一种新的方法，比过去的有效多了，原因并不是新的算法有多牛，而是过去的算法（也就是现有的）实在太烂了。。。

Some excerpts, agreer's point of view:
1) 实践上来说目前的文章里ga用的明显比sa要多, 而且我感觉ga或者更广义的演化计算的优势在于只提供了一个框架
演化算子的选择提供了很大的自由度，能针对不同问题设计不同算子, 出现了很多优化效率非常高的算法，实际工程应用也能见得到

要说文字游戏，ai里面有几个不是在搞文字游戏的？

2) To debate this:
选择本来就是一个启发的过程。随机算法大部分时候是用来解决没有好的确定性算法，包括好的启发性算法的问题。至于全局最优，只是个谣言。

这个同意, 按NFL理论来说，所有算法的平均性能都是一样的, 所以针对不同问题采用不同算法和具体的改进是十分必要的, 我感觉GA正是在这方面提供了一个宽松的结构

: 我说它扯淡，就是在编码和遗传这两个地方，并没有什么实质的理论支持。

fine, 实际上早期的优化算法都没有什么理论支持和收敛性证明，一般而言都是先有算法后有证明, 举个更悠久的例子，牛顿在17世纪拿无穷小量来研究物理问题，但是严格的数学基础, 直到19世纪才被数学家们艰难的完善. 我相信是会有比较完善的理论来阐释ga，但确实很困难就是了

3) 我也觉得GA没什么很大的道理，其用得的启发式知识还不如SA可靠，但既然大家都觉得GA比SA好，那么总还是有点道理的，起码在比SA强这个层次上。但论文中的结论真地很少有道理的，真的想搞点东西的人都需要自己动手做一遍才能确信。论文中胡说八道，明明是垃圾说得像是黄金的事情看到太多了，害得别人浪费时间跟着做一遍，浪费大家时间和感情，可恶死了。

我想没有付出，就没有收获的事情还是对的，真正尝试各种方法，有自己的体会，对不同方法有一种感觉。然后针对不同问题的特性，用最适当的方法对其建模，解决之，才是真正体现牛人牛的地方。这些东西在语音识别、手写体识别之类老牌模式识别领域的教科书上都能看到，那里面的方法，才是真正久经考验的方法，而不是信口开河。

Something interesting:

一个不大恰当的比方可以这么来看：有一个方法很笨（比如穷举法），另一个方法则通过一个相对小得多的时间以一个概率找到全局最优，但通过算法的合理设计，可以以一个较大概率找到一个满意解（许多工程实际问题并不一定要获得全局最优解，而是需要获得一个满意解）。在这种情况下，GA就显得很有意义了。

至于该研究的东西嘛，那就更多了：算法框架的改进，参数规范化处理，遗传操作算子的设计（尤其是诸如FLOW SHOP、JOB SHOP这样的生产作业排序问题，遗传操作算子的设计好坏与算法效率的关系非常紧密），在单目标遗传算法基础上发展起来的多目标遗传算法及多层优化问题的遗传算法，更是可以解决传统基于权及约束规划方法所不能解决
的一般非凸及不连续多目标优化问题，而这些，只是GA伟大思想在我做课题方面的一些应用，比起它在其他工程设计领域的应用，就更是多得不胜枚举了：）

总言之，在研究算法方面要做点真正有突破的东西真的难，就象以前一位师兄所描述的做论文就想刨坑挖井，没读博士的时候发现坑其实很多，可以挖的方向很大；但真正开始做得深入了，才发现原来好挖的都被人挖光了：（

这是他一个玩笑比喻，但从一个侧面也反映了做这些基础算法工作的艰难性。以上是我对GA的一点点认识：它有自身的限制，但很有用

2. something worth more attention

1) Roger W's EC links
2) GP Search Interface

use IDS or security as key words

Tabu Search: 禁忌搜索算法

2008-06-25T10:51:00.000-05:00

为了找到“全局最优解”，就不应该执着于某一个特定的区域。局部搜索的缺点就是太贪婪地对某一个局部区域以及其邻域搜索，导致一叶障目，不见泰山。禁忌搜索就是对于找到的一部分局部最优解，有意识地避开它（但不是完全隔绝），从而获得更多的搜索区间。兔子们找到了泰山，它们之中的一只就会留守在这里，其他的再去别的地方寻找。就这样，一大圈后，把找到的几个山峰一比较，珠穆朗玛峰脱颖而出。
当兔子们再寻找的时候，一般地会有意识地避开泰山，因为他们知道，这里已经找过，并且有一只兔子在那里看着了。这就是禁忌搜索中“禁忌表（tabu list）”的含义。那只留在泰山的兔子一般不会就安家在那里了，它会在一定时间后重新回到找最高峰的大军，因为这个时候已经有了许多新的消息，泰山毕竟也有一个不错的高度，需要重新考虑，这个归队时间，在禁忌搜索里面叫做“禁忌长度（tabu length）”；如果在搜索的过程中，留守泰山的兔子还没有归队，但是找到的地方全是华北平原等比较低的地方，兔子们就不得不再次考虑选中泰山，也就是说，当一个有兔子留守的地方优越性太突出，超过了“best to far”的状态，就可以不顾及有没有兔子留守，都把这个地方考虑进来，这就叫“特赦准则（aspiration criterion）”。这三个概念是禁忌搜索和一般搜索准则最不同的地方，算法的优化也关键在这里。
伪码表达：
procedure tabu search;
begin
initialize a string vc at random,clear up the tabu list;
cur:=vc;
repeat
select a new string vn in the neighborhood of vc;
if va>best_to_far then {va is a string in the tabu list}
begin
cur:=va;
let va take place of the oldest string in the tabu list;
best_to_far:=va;
end else
begin
cur:=vn;
let vn take place of the oldest string in the tabu list;
end;
until (termination-condition);
end;
以上程序中有关键的几点：
（1）禁忌对象：可以选取当前的值（cur）作为禁忌对象放进tabu list，也可以把和当然值在同一“等高线”上的都放进tabu list。
（2）为了降低计算量，禁忌长度和禁忌表的集合不宜太大，但是禁忌长度太小容易循环搜索，禁忌表太小容易陷入“局部极优解”。
（3）上述程序段中对best_to_far的操作是直接赋值为最优的“解禁候选解”，但是有时候会出现没有大于best_to_far的，候选解也全部被禁的“死锁”状态，这个时候，就应该对候选解中最佳的进行解禁，以能够继续下去。
（4）终止准则：和模拟退火，遗传算法差不多，常用的有：给定一个迭代步数；设定与估计的最优解的距离小于某个范围时，就终止搜索；当与最优解的距离连续若干步保持不变时，终止搜索；
禁忌搜索是对人类思维过程本身的一种模拟，它通过对一些局部最优解的禁忌（也可以说是记忆）达到接纳一部分较差解，从而跳出局部搜索的目的.

遗传算法是基于生物进化的原理发展起来的一种广为应用的、高效的随机搜索与优化的方法。其主要特点是群体搜索策略和群体中个体之间的信息交换，搜索不依赖于梯度信息。
蚂蚁算法是群体智能可用于解决其他组合优化问题,比如有n个城市，需要对所有n个城市进行访问且只访问一次的最短距离。

TU CIS / ISec companies

2008-06-24T17:29:00.002-05:00

http://meketrex.com/

http://www.linkedin.com/pub/4/533/0B7 David Greer

http://www.truedigitalsecurity.com/ Jerald Dawkins

http://www.okdfp.com/ Digital Forensics Professionals

Gavin Maine

Automated Debugging (6): simplifying problems - smiple testcase for complex bug repor

2008-06-23T14:10:00.004-05:00

need some more time for each of the left chapters

1. Main points

* The aim of simplification is to create a simple test case from a problem report.
* Simplified test cases…
*** are easier to communicate
*** facilitate debugging
*** identify duplicate problem reports

* To simplify a test case, remove all irrelevant circumstances.
* A circumstance is irrelevant if the problem occurs regardless of whether the circumstance is present or not.
* To automate simplification, set up
*** an automated test
*** a strategy to determine the relevant circumstances

One such strategy is the ddmin delta debugging algorithm

ZW Comment: ddmin is a great idea, but seems to be not that general to be used in every scenarios
(in fact, my current thought is that its application domain is not that broad, anyway the simple failure-inducing input in the given example is not that common in practice).

Some more examples where ddmin might be useful:
* Simplified failure-inducing fuzz input:
* FLEX crashes on 2,121 or more non-newline characters
* NROFF crashes on “\D^J%0F” or “\302\n”
* CRTPLOT crashes on “t”

The algorithm complexity analysis is out of my expectation. As I thought, the space is 2^M (might be a good target for GA :-), but the author give an algorithm whose worst case is (|c| ^ 2 + 7 * c) / 2.

Hehe, I guess there might be some corner of this space is not covered by his method.

Need some more look.

Automated Debugging (5): reproducing problems - better than what I had thought

2008-06-22T21:40:00.003-05:00

1. Why reproduce?

* Observing the problem. Without being able to reproduce the problem, one cannot observe it or find any new facts.
* Check for success. How do you know that the problem is actually fixed?

2. Reproducing is Tough
* Reproducing is one of the toughest problems in debugging.
* One must recreate the environment in which the problem occurred
* also need to recreate the problem history – the steps that lead to the problem

3. Reproducing the Environment

* Iterative Reproduction
* Start with your environment
* While the problem is not reproduced, adapt more and more circumstances from the user’s environment
* Iteration ends when problem is reproduced (or when environments are “identical”)
* Side effect: Learn about failure-inducing circumstances

4. Reproducing Execution

* Basic idea: Any execution is determined by the input (in a general sense)
* Reproducing input → reproducing execution!

4.1 data

* Easy to transfer and replicate
* Caveat #1: Get all the data you need
* Caveat #2: Get only the data you need
* Caveat #3: Privacy issues

4.2 User interaction

Record and Replay

4.3 Communication

* General idea: Record and replaylike user interaction
* Bad impact on performance
* Alternative #1: Only record since last checkpoint (= reproducible state)
* Alternative #2: Only record “last” transaction

ZW comments: not sure what the alternatives mean.

4.4 Randomness

* Program behaves different in every run
* Based on random number generator
* Pseudo-random: save seed (and make it configurable): Same applies to time of day
* True random: record + replay sequence

4.5 Operating System

* The OS handles entire interaction between program and environment
* Recording and replaying OS interaction thus makes entire program run reproducible
* Trace the program and replay the trace
* Trace Challenges

Tracing creates lots of data
Example: Web server with 10 requests/secA trace of 10 k/request means 8GB/day
All of this must be replayed to reproduce the failure (alternative: checkpoints)
Huge performance penalty!

4.6 Scheduling

* Thread changes are induced by a scheduler
* It suffices to record the schedule (i.e. the moments in time at which thread switches occur) and to replay it
* Requires deterministic input replay

Constructive Solutions
* Lock resource before writing
* Check resource update time before writing
* ... or any other synchronization mechanism

4.7 Physical Influences

Rare and hard to reproduce
* Static electricity
* Alpha particles (not cosmic rays)
* Quantum effects
* Humidity
* Mechanical failures + real bugs

4.8 Debugging Tools

* Heisenbug: Code fails outside debugger only
* Bohr Bug, Mandelbug, Schrödinbug

Bohr Bug = Repeatable under well-def’d conditions
Heisenbug = Changes when observed
Mandelbug = Causes are complex and chaotic, appears non-deterministic, but isn’t
Schrödinbug = Never should have worked, and promptly fails as soon one realizes this

5. Isolating Units

* Capture + replay unit instead of program
* Needs an unit control layer to monitor input

Examples:
* Databases. Replay only the interaction with the database.
* Compilers. Record + replay intermediate data structures rather than the entire front-end.
* Networking. Record + replay communication calls.

More Interaction
* Variables (hard to detect)
* Other units (break dependency if needed)
* Time (record + replay, too)

*
*

Debugging and Analysis Tools

2008-06-22T20:44:00.001-05:00

Multi-Thread Run-time Analysis Tool for Java

Design for Debugging

2008-06-22T12:33:00.002-05:00

1. A good point from studying AD series (3)

Google Search

Semantic issues in the design of languages for debugging

PPP Design and Debugging

Design-for-debugging of application specific designs

Design for Debugging, Test, or Both

Design-for-Debug: A Vital Aspect in Education

Design Time Debugging during server control development in asp.net2.0 in Visual Studio 2005

Automated Debugging (4): making problems fail - automated test for debugging

2008-06-22T12:14:00.004-05:00

mainly talk about testing, from the point of view helping debugging

1. Overview

1) To test for debugging, one must...
* create a test to reproduce the problem
* run the test several times during debugging, and
* run the test before new releases to prevent regression

2) Automate as much as possible

3) To test at the presentation layer, simulate human interaction

4) To test at the functionality layer, use an automation interface

5) To test units, use the unit API to control it and assess its results

6) To isolate a unit, break dependencies using the dependency inversion principle

7) To design for debugging, reduce the amount of dependencies

8) A variety of techniques is available to prevent errors and problems

ZW comment 1: design for debugging is the interesting concept...Some more exploration

ZW comment 2: Memory past
1) dogtail for Frysk GUI test: Link to the author
2) JUnit test work in Amino team, parallel extension for JUnit
The amino project

http://amino-cbbs.blogspot.com/

Automated Debugging (3): tracking the problems - bugzilla

2008-06-22T10:35:00.003-05:00

1. What is a problem?

* A problem is a questionable property of a program run
* It becomes a failure if it’s incorrect...
* ...a request for enhancement if missing...
* ......and a feature if normal behavior.

......As some body says: It’s not a bug, it’s a feature! :-)

2. Problem Life Cycle

User / Tester reports it
Vendor / Programmer reproduce it; isolate the circumstances; locate and fix the defects; deliver the fix to user/tester

3. Vendor / User Challenges

Vendor:
* How do I organize the life cycle?
* Which problems are currently open?
* Which are the most severe problems?
* Did similar problems occur in the past?

User:
* Solve my problem!

4. Problem Report / Bug Report / Change Request

* A problem comes to life with a problem report.
* A problem report includes all the information the vendor needs to fix the problem.
* Also known as change request or bug report.

Bad report examples:
* only a description
* a core dump, no circumstance
* zip of hard drive image

What to report
* The product release
* The operating environment
* The problem history
* Expected and experienced behavior
* A one-line summary

ZW's comment:......Maybe a process description is needed: the setup, the process to reproduce (or spontaneous...)?

Memory of my earlier days in IBM R&D center:
After a quick go-thru of the slides, it reminds me of the first two years' work in IBM. RHEL / SLES testers: IO, FileSystem, Networking and many other work. Problem Determination...... and so on.....

* Daily Life with Bugzilla as my homepage
* The most productive bug reporter, and the promotion to problem determiner
* Report a handful of kernel bugs...
* Solved three of them, given credit...... Pride and Dream... You can spend some time to find and write them down
* PIG CAN RIDE!!!...Ladies riding a pig on youtube~~~~~~ :-)
* Journey to Austin, TX...... Many first-time experiences......Many long sighs...
* Many more......

Many other funny videos about pig riding on youtube:~~~~~
* Pig riding and skateboard
* Other pig riding videos

An interesting point here is that Talk-Back Style Bug Reporting and Privacy.... People are very concerned with their privacy nowadays anyway.

Automated Debugging (2): how failures come to be

2008-06-21T15:30:00.002-05:00

1. Facts on Debugging

* Software bugs are costing ~60 bln US$/yr
* Improvements could reduce cost by 30%
* Validation (including debugging) can easily take up to 50-75% of the development time
* When debugging, some people are three times as efficient than others

2. How to Debug

Locate error => Design error repair => Repair error => Re-test program

3. The Traffic Principle

* Track the problem
* Reproduce
* Automate
* Find Origins
* Focus
* Isolate
* Correct

4. From Defect to Failure

1) The programmer creates a defect – an error in the code.
2) When executed, the defect creates an infection – an error in the state.
3) The infection propagates.
4) The infection causes a failure.

This infection chain must be traced back – and broken.

* trace back is for locating the defect
* broken is for eliminating the failure

5. The Curse of Testing

* Not every defect causes a failure!
* Testing can only show the presence of errors – not their absence.(Dijkstra 1972)

Curse means "a prayer or invocation for harm or injury to come upon one "

6. Debugging

* Every failure can be traced back to some infection, and every infection is caused by some defect.
* Debugging means to relate a given failure to the defect – and to remove the defect.

Search in Time and Space

Defect is traced back, and located.

Then the next figure:

7. Sample Program and Shell Sort

Find Origin:
* The 0 printed is the value of a[0]. Where does it come from?
* Basic idea: Track or deduce value origins
* Separates relevant from irrelevant values
* We can trace back a[0] to shell_sort

Search in Time

* In shell_sort, the state must have become infected.
* Basic idea: Observe a transition from sane to infected.

Observing a Run
* Dynamic running, from the timeline point of view

Specific Observation
* isolate the potential crime scene
* narrow the searching space and time

Fixing the Program

Finding Causes
* difference between sane state and infected state

Search in Space
* compare infected state and sane state
* locate / isolate the infected (faulting) variable(s)

Search in Time
* search in the direction of the timeline
* when the error first demonstrate itself?

8. Debugging tools

Automated Debugging Service
Closed now. Other relevant tools are available (eclipse plugin, command line tool).

A variety of other tools and techniques is available to automate debugging:

* Program Slicing
* Observing & Watching State
* Asserting Invariants
* Detecting Anomalies
* Isolating Cause-Effect Chains

Automated Debugging (1): about the course

2008-06-21T13:41:00.009-05:00

1. Author and Lecture: Andreas Zeller

Home Page of Andreas

2. Course Topics

* Tracking and Reproducing Problems
* The Scientific Method
* Understanding Programs
* Isolating Failure Causes (automatically)
* Locating and Fixing Defects

The question to answer: “Why does my Program Fail?”

3. Course Material

Book Preview on Google: “Why programs fail”

Lecture slides, dates, links on Web page

4. Course Format

* 20 lectures (= twice per week), Tue + Thu
* 3 projects (“write your own debugger”)
* Oral exams at the end of quarter

Three Projects:
* Simplifying Input: 2 weeks, answer "What’s relevant in here?"
* Comparing Coverage: 3 weeks, answer How do these runs differ?
* Locating Causes: 4 weeks, answer "What causes the failure?"

written in Python for Python

5. Grading

Three projects (15 + 20 + 30%) + Oral Exam (35%)

More classical grading system?

6. Course Overview:

Link to the original ppt file

7. Initial Plan

To revise it to make it more practical

How failure come to be

Tracking Problems

Making Programs fail

Reproducing Problems

Simplifying Problems

股市暴跌的答案

2008-06-19T16:30:00.002-05:00

惊闻股市大跌后上海股民捣毁证券部，大喊“打倒XXX”，特写此文。
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/ChinaStock/31194213.html

最近的股市使我心灰意冷，关注不多，因为已经完全与FA、TA无关，于是我阅读了不少
政治方面的资料。下面有几条线索可以参考，虽然应该遗漏了很多东西。

1，股市这条线：印花税降低
－>王岐山说金融要讲政治
－>《中国证券报》头版刊登了中国证监会要求基金公司树立大局意识，维护市场稳定
的要求，"谁主管，谁负责"、"谁经营、谁负责"、"一旦出现问题，严肃追究责任。"（
这条消息在网上并未流传，感觉被“舆论”封杀
－>谢国忠等人唱空，媒体唱多
－>暴跌（注意上面中国证券报严禁杀跌的行政令）

2，证券业这条线
魏冬自杀－>王益双规

3，金融开放这条线
一直唱股指期货是利好（最近消失了，大家感到没有）
－>刘明康说外资参与银行业评估工作年内完成
－>美国更严厉封闭金融业，中国继续唱开放
－>政府说要控热钱流入，送向外投资（注意热钱可以由这条渠道撤出；我找不到原文
了，是全景网上看到的）
－>建行贱卖风波（所有的反驳要么是巧言令色，要么是不知这个事的来龙去脉，绝对
是贱卖，参见03，04年的银行股风波）
－>下跌时证监会说将全面开展证券业和资本市场对外开放评估
－>在今天开始的中美第四次战略经济对话前美国继续要求中国金融开放(注意美国是世
界上金融封闭最严的国家,却要求发展中国家开放金融)

4,西方与买办在08年图琼匕现这条线
达富尔－>臧独和火炬传递
－>台湾公投（中国全胜，应该是民族性的力量）
－>借地震诋毁政府，据说有很多民间上访
－>国家级反恐演习
－>胡锦涛说中国面临新严峻挑战
？－>奥运会

5，热钱这条线
03，04年抄底，尤其是金融资产（不要说它们不知道股改）
－>去年3000点卖出进入楼市（有说法来源，但无法验证）
－>08年计划打压股市造成经济衰退假象，同时令国内资金进入楼市避险，此时它们脱
手卖出
－>撤出中国，造成金融危机（如利用上面说的那个渠道，对外投资）
－>再进入中国剪羊毛
同时伴随着东亚经济危机与全球通涨、美元政策这两条线

太多孤立、模糊的细节以及难以判断的猜测，我们普通人根本无法知道过去的事实，也
就不可能进行分析。我希望，无论发生什么事，无论“舆论”如何编排，请各位一定不
要把矛头对向“共产党”，而是对向党内外、国内外金融买办集团！近期的暴跌与经济
和所谓利空完全无关，明显可以看出是某些人在操纵，甚至我们可以想象过去一年的走
势都是“他们”的策划。

请认识到，股市的暴跌与“共产党”作为一个集体是没有关系的，无论您是批判“共产
党”的腐败或独裁，或是任何弊端，难道股市暴跌黑幕与腐败的村支书、蛮横的城管、
从未接触过金融的老干部有关吗？如果您在“舆论”的诱导下把矛头对向“共产党”，
那么西方就可能煽风点火借奥运控制、颠覆国家，到时候就天下大乱，而真正的黑手－
金融买办集团则在背后冷笑！

请您一定要把矛头对向党内外、国内外金融买办集团，他们才是中国人民的敌人和吸血
者。您批判金融买办集团，这样政府、社会中的正义力量才有后盾进行斗争，金融卖国
的言论才不敢喧嚣直上。这才是真正对国家、对人民有益的行为！

为什么说暴跌的答案很快就揭晓呢？因为中美第四次战略经济对话已经于今天在美国展
开，明天结束。这次对话的主题依然是金融开放（很高兴中方试图把主题转为能源问题
），于是前不久王岐山说金融要讲政治，接着股市暴跌，而中方对表正是王岐山，美方
则是代表华尔街利益的保尔森。

中国的金融买办集团已经成为实力强大、卖国亡国的毒瘤，回头再看建国初对上海金融
市场的肃清，体会更加深刻。魏东的自杀也许预示着，暴跌答案的揭开要见血。从去年
6000点到如今2800点，那可是损失了多少万亿的资产啊，从4000点到6000点是放量的，
接盘人很多，大多是投血汗钱进去的散户！

希望上海股民高喊的XXX是“证监会“，而非“共产党”

不要说什么愿赌服输，我亏了自然愿赌服输。但是作为一个集团能够掌握证监会、银监
会政策，控制媒体甚至人民日报，集合大多数基金资本，那么毫不知内情的外人作为一
个集体自然是必输。这种盘局，搁谁结果都一样！

今天下午很欣喜的在新华网看到《嘹望》杂志的文章，用红字说“保护金融安全”，“
银监会对金融开放的意见过于宽松（！！！定调）”，但是今晚这么大一个消息就完全
被拿下了，我在网上也搜不到。我每天跟踪新华网，亲眼看到的，这说明什么！本来非
常高兴，觉得国家高层在反击，现在出离愤怒
--

=====
澄清一下某些观念的模糊之处

第一，官僚集团的产生在最初并不完全是制度的漏洞，而是上层领导人的观念和政策出
了问题，以至上行下效。当这个集团产生后就想尽办法巩固他们的利益

第二，共产党作为一个整体与金融问题无关，这才是我的观点。要解决问题就是要团结
社会和共产党内部的力量先捣毁金融买办集团，而后进行金融改革。

事实上对整个国家改革也一样，如果在所谓改革之前没有先消灭、削弱那些反动的、力
量强大的利益集团，那么改革的结果只能是巩固它们的力量。这正是制度论者的幼稚之
处，也是真正的利益集团鼓吹先改革、改制度的原因。国企改革不正是如此？先反击反
动利益集团，就让社会知道什么行为是“善”，什么行为是“恶”，然后才可能制订一
个维善惩恶的制度，这个制度才可能正常地运作

矛头对向金融买办集团，而非共产党，微妙的差别产生完全不同的结果

中国股市不同于西方股市。它是掌控在政府的势力范围内的，而不是完全掌握在金融寡
头手中。它基本不能用国际流行的金融定律来分析窥测。

自从21世纪中国股市炒疯之前，国际热钱就看好了中国这个比较稳定和强劲的经济增长
位点。于是热钱就来了。股市也就疯了。曾几何时，人人都知道，进了股市就能翻番。
如果冷静下来观察，就会发现，国内经济再增长，也是有限度的，gdp就那么多。相比
之下，股市日交易量有多少！国内怎么可能有那么多钱每天在股市里飞来飞去。不是热
钱又是什么？既然是热钱，那么起码有一条是肯定的，若没有额外的干预，散户的命运
是热钱决定的。上市公司、国内巨头也如浮萍，随着国际钱浪沉浮。如果没有政府这层
屏障，没有人能跟热钱抗争。这也就是为什么中国政府干预金融（包括外汇等）招来强
烈非议。这也就是为什么中国不会发生类似东南亚金融危机的惨剧。

不单是股市，房市也是这样。不在赘述。美国如今经济萎靡，除了在伊拉克打仗的投入
（太多钱了）产出（军事行动给政治、经济格局带来的兴奋点）比太不理想，也跟在中
国两市投放太多热钱而陷入泥潭拔不出来有密切关系。

中国政府早就留心热钱涌入。也深知其危害。并且在相当久以前就着手防范。市面上听
到最多的就是“宏观调控”这个词。其实它不仅仅是字面上、经济层面上的意思。其实
是一个战略高度上、政治意义深重的一个全局部署。

但是，金钱的诱惑太巨大了。买办集团怎可为了国家安全战略措施大好捞钱机会。因此
，在现实上，“宏观调控”真是调出大头鬼了，越调越疯。不制住这些吃里爬外的蛀虫
，中国金融将毫无保护地完全暴露在国际热钱的火力之下。于是才有了陈良宇的倒台。
搞掉了陈良宇，中国股市房市的主阵地上海才能保得住，全国阵地才保得住。从这个意
义上讲，陈良宇的罪行根本不是所谓的经济问题，而是彻头彻尾的危害国家安全或者叫
叛国罪。改革开放以来，中央不介意官员利用职务之便，给自己捞些好处。但是前提是
，不能跟中央唱反调，严重一点的说法叫做分裂中央。陈良宇当年，身为政治局委员，
下届常委的人选，上海的一把手，顶风犯事。问题不在于他本人犯了什么事，严重的是
对整个事态的影响。势必把他做掉。这绝对不是一个简单的派系争斗。相反，拿陈良宇
是老江拍了板的。拿掉陈良宇，对股市的监管（还不如说对国内经济的保护）就容易多
了。于是有了半年后印花税小试牛刀，十分见效。

除了这些买办，另一个头疼的问题就是那些散户——不明真相的群众。这些人的钱虽然
不是很多，但是人数不少；他们那部分不算很多的钱，对他们来说，都是身家性命。就
像当年广场上的学生，要清缴暴徒，就一定会伤及他们。如同当年反复对学生广播，劝
其退场，这几年对股民的宣传可以说是仁至义尽了。可是有什么用呢？见了钱，眼睛都
红了。那没办法，总不能让人民日报发表社论，叫股民清场，股市要关门打狗了。为了
国家命运，损失个把散户算是最小的牺牲了。不说对某个股民怎样，就说对国民总体，
只要没让热钱卷了国内财富跑掉，肉烂在了锅里，股市早晚有回升的那天。同样也是不
能明说，关住了热钱，一样没法敲锣打鼓庆祝。

那么股市暴跌，到底是关门打狗，还是金融大鳄卷钱跑了？我不说，大家自己也会看吧
。如果不是刻意表演，那么谁抓狂，谁就是输了钱的；谁在继续有条不紊地布局，谁就
是赢了钱的。

最后留点篇幅跟股民说几句话。还是老年间的教育思路，不劳而获的思想是可耻的。如
果你是投资者，用自己的积蓄支持在生产，为国家经济建设出力，并以此获得报酬，我
鼓励，我称赞。既然加入这个游戏，至少要学习起码的游戏规则，起码学学入门的经济
、金融、股市运作的理论。如果仅仅是抱着赌博心理投机，那我无法同情你。你也别动
不动就打倒谁。

============
比喻得好。原来股市就象大街，我每天衣食住行，都要在股市上走一圈。我要不上股市
，我就没法上班上学，我就没法购物出游，我就没法看病访友。原来股市跟我日常生活
如此息息相关，难舍难离。

我觉得论必要程度，风险程度，诱惑程度，刺激程度，个人和操纵者的力量对比悬殊程
度，股市应该比做红灯区，黑帮区....

【在 THINKway (t60) 的大作中提到: 】
: 好比你在大街上被人捅了一刀，到警察局报案，警察洋洋得意说：早叫你不要出门，如
: 果仅仅是抱着赌博心理上街，那我无法同情你。你也别动不动就打倒谁。既然知道街上
: 有坏人再去被捅，就是自己承担后果，难听点就是活该。

==============

Some Old Friend's Blogs / Homepages ...

2008-06-15T18:27:00.002-05:00

Professor Xu Li: http://www.cs.uml.edu/~xu/ compiler for security

http://ganzhi.blogspot.com/

....

2008-06-14T17:47:00.000-05:00

Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/
CiteSeer: http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/
The ACM Digital Library: http://portal.acm.org/
IEEE Xplore: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com/

Computer Security Conference Ranking and Statistic: http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/%7Eguofei/sec_conf_stat.htm

So long, and thanks for the Ph.D.!: http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~palsberg/azuma.html
You and Your Research: http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/YouAndYourResearch.html
The Three Golden Rules for Successful Scientific Research: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD637.html

Evolutionary Computation, mainly genetic algorithm

2008-06-04T21:14:00.003-05:00

1. List of NP-complete Problems

NPC problems are re-emphasized in this class, here is the list as presented in Garey and Johnson's book

There is a list about program optimization, to which I can pay more attention to:

Code generation

* Register sufficiency
* Feasible register assignment
* Register sufficiency for loops
* Code generation on a one-register machine
* Code generation with unlimited registers
* Code generation for parallel assignments
* Code generation with address expressions
* Code generation with unfixed variable locations
* Ensemble computation
* Microcode bit optimization

Programs and schemes

* Inequivalence of programs with arrays
* Inequivalence of programs with assignments
* Inequivalence of finite memory programs
* Inequivalence of loop programs without nesting
* Inequivalence of simple functions
* Strong inequivalence of Ianov schemes
* Strong inequivalence for monadic recursion
* Non-containment for free B-schemes
* Non-freedom for loop-free program schemes
* Programs with formally recursive procedures

2. about euclidean distance

在二维和三维空间中的欧式距离的就是两点之间的距离，二维的公式是

d = sqrt((x1-x2)^+(y1-y2)^)

三维的公式是
d=sqrt(x1-x2)^+(y1-y2)^+z1-z2)^)

推广到n维空间，欧式距离的公式是
d=sqrt( ∑(xi1-xi2)^ ) 这里i=1,2..n

xi1表示第一个点的第i维坐标,xi2表示第二个点的第i维坐标

3. About 遗传算法

Genetic Algorithm，缩写为GA, 是一种有效的解决最优化问题的方法。它最先是由John Holland于1975年提出的。从那以后，它逐渐发展成为一种通过模拟自然进化过程解决最优化问题的计算模型。

——最优化问题通常可归结为极大化问题，利用数字公式描述就写作：

——其中f（x）为目标函数，S为可行域，它们是由工程实际问题的具体条件决定的。

——利用遗传算法解最优化问题，首先应对可行域中的点进行编码（一般采用二进制编码），然后在可行域中随机挑选一些编码组成作为进化起点的第一代编码组，并计算每个解的目标函数值，也就是编码的适应度。接着就像自然界中一样，利用选择机制从编码组中随机挑选编码作为繁殖过程前的编码样本。选择机制应保证适应度较高的解能够保留较多的样本；而适应度较低的解则保留较少的样本，甚至被淘汰。在接下去的繁殖过程中，遗传算法提供了交叉和变异两种算子对挑选后的样本进行交换。交叉算子交换随机挑选的两个编码的某些位，变异算子则直接对一个编码中的随机挑选的某一位进行反转。这样通过选择和繁殖就产生了下一代编码组。重复上述选择和繁殖过程，直到结束条件得到满足为止。进化过程最后一代中的最优解就是用遗传算法解最优化问题所得到的最终结果。

——从以上介绍可以看出，GA算法具有下述特点：

* GA是对问题参数的编码组进行进货，而不是直接对参数本身。
* GA的搜索是从问题解的编码组开始搜索，而不是从单个解开始。
* GA使用目标函数值（适应度）这一信息进行搜索，而不需导数等其他信息。
* GA算法使用的选择、交叉、变异这三个算子都是随机操作，而不是确定规则。

——实践表明，遗传算法解最优化问题的计算效率比较高、适用范围相当广。为了解释这一现象，Holland给出了图式定理。所谓图式，就是某些码位取相同值的编码的集合。图式定理说明在进化过程的各代中，属于适应度高、阶数低且长度短的图式的编码数量将随代数以指数形式增长。另外，Holland还发现遗传算法具有隐含的并行计算特性。最近的研究则表明，上述遗传算法经适当改进后对任意优化问题以概率1收敛于全局最优解。

——将遗传算法用于解决各种实际问题后，人们发现遣传算法也会由于各种原因过早向目标函数的局部最优解收敛，从而很难找到全局最优解。其中有些是由于目标函数的特性造成的，例如函数具有欺骗性，不满足构造模块假说等等；另外一些则是由于算法设计不当。为此，不断有人对遗传算法提出各种各样的改进方案。例如：针对原先的定长二进制编码方案；提出了动态编码、实数编码等改进方案；针对按比例的选择机制，提出了竞争选择、按续挑选等改进方案；针对原先的一点交叉算子，提出了两点交叉、多点交叉、均匀交叉等算子；针对原先遗传算法各控制参数在进化过程中不变的情况，提出了退化遗传算法、自适应遗传算法等。另外，针对不同问题还出现了分布式遗传算法、并行遗传算法等等。

——近年来，随着对于遗传算法研究的不断深入完善，有越来越多的人认识了解了遗传算法，并把它应用到越来越广泛的领域，例如机器学习、模式识别、图像处理、神经网络、工业优化控制和社会科学等方面。特别是在解决旅行商问题、煤气管道的最优控制、通信网络链接长度的优化问题、铁路运输计划优化、喷气式收音机涡轮机的设计、VLSI版面设计、键盘排列优化等问题上遗传算法都取得了很大的成功。

——目前国际国内有关GA的研究热潮方兴未艾。除从1985年起每两年举办一届GA国际会议外，还有MIT从1993年开始出版的《Evolutionary Computatio》和《Adaptive Behavior》两种杂志、IEEE从今年起出版的专门关于进化计算的汇刊。另外，各种AI类的杂志不断出版有关进化计算的专辑。其它有关GA理论和工程应用的文章也在各种不同类型杂志上不断涌现。国内有关GA的研究也正在不断深入地展开。

5/24's trip: morning

2008-05-24T08:02:00.000-05:00

http://www.dixon.org/: The Dixon Gallery and Gardens

Turkish Plants and Islamic Design: Ottoman Options in the Dixon Gardens
May 3- August 31

ImageHistorically, the people of Persia and Turkey had a profound impact on horticulture and garden design. The Persians were among the first to develop and codify priciples of garden design, and their influence still exists today in gardens around the globe. Moreover, plants native to Turkey and plants valued by the Turks have yielded important medicinal, agricultural, and ornamental crops. Surprisingly, some of these plants are cultivated here in the Mid-south--even by the staff and volunteers of the Dixon!

Turkish Plants and Islamic Design: Ottoman Options in the Dixon Gardens is a self- guided tour of the grounds that showcases some unexpected connections between the gardens of the Dixon and the gardens of the Islamic world. This outdoor exhibition opens on May 3 at 10:00 am with a walking tour led by Director of Horticulture Dale Skaggs. As a salute to Turkey, this year's Memphis in May country, Dale will point out plants at the Dixon with Turkish roots and garden design features that originated in Persia.

This special program will be the first in a series of plant-specific and garden-design-driven educational exhibitions at the Dixon. These shows will examine our living collections and consider ways in which gardening and garden-design principles impact our realtionship to the natural environment. The Dixon is renewing its commitment to horticultural education in Memphis, and we hope you will enjoy Turkish Plants and Islamic Design: Ottoman Options in the Dixon Gardens and the many outdoor exhibitions that will follow.

Steinunn Thórarinsdóttir: Horizons
May 31 - August 30

ImageThe Icelandic artist Steinunn Thórarinsdóttir has been a fixture of the international contemporary art scene for nearly twenty years. Her work has appeared in many one-person and group exhibitions worldwide and can be seen in public, corporate, and private collections around the globe.

Thórarinsdóttir's sculptural installation Horizons, a group of twelve life-size figures made of cast iron and glass, will spend the summer in tranquil interaction with the tall oaks and boxwoods of the Dixon gardens. Soulful, engaging, and at times amusing, these figural forms will stand sentry at the crossroads of nature and humanity. Horizons will also serve the Dixon's goal of deepening the connections among art and nature and the galleries and gardens.

Garden Layout

ImageThe gardens were carefully carved out of native Tennessee woodlands, with consideration given to the fine old trees, vistas, arrangement and sequence of garden space. Reflecting Mr. Dixon's English heritage, the gardens were landscaped in the manner of an English park with open vistas adjacent to smaller, intimate formal spaces.

The main sections of the garden include the South Lawn, the Formal Gardens, the Cutting Garden, and the Woodland Gardens. Additionally, sculpture, ranging from 18th century to modern, provide further visual interest in the Dixon gardens.

The gardens were designed to take advantage of the fine tree specimens and to preserve the integrity of the woodlands. Pathways linking different parts of the garden together reveal only a portion of the garden at any one time. The tree canopy, comprised mainly of oaks and hickories, became the framework for the garden design based upon a formal cross-axis plan.

Arboretum Tour

ImageThis cross-axis plan was used to create many varied garden rooms. Each axis ended in a view of either one of the majestic trees, a statue, or the house. The native oak / hickory forest was kept as canopy, background, and the bones of the garden. The Dixons added the understory layer dogwoods, azaleas, hemlocks and boxwood. The hemlocks were used as evergreen screens and provide a background for the deciduous trees. The boxwood were used in formal areas as hedges and to anchor corners. The dogwoods and azalea provide the spring color for which the Dixon is so well known.

In order to bring light under some of the denser trees, they have been limbed up, some have been removed, and still more die each year due to age and weather. For approximately the last 10 years, we at the Dixon have been adding back to this canopy level and expanding the types of trees on the property. So far, have added white oaks, beech, and maples in hopes that, when the time comes, they will be the next generation of canopy trees needed to maintain our shade garden.

Hugo Dixon left to his community his home and a landscaped garden created in an urban forest. Today the Dixon strives to maintain that same urban forest while presenting a garden for everyone's enjoyment.

The 17-acre wooded site was acquired by the Dixons in 1939 and construction of their home followed. Plans for the house and gardens began simultaneously as the house was sited for future garden vistas. At the time, Margaret and Hugo Dixon enlisted the aid of his sister, Hope Crutchfield, who was a landscape designer. Their goal was to create an American-style garden reminiscent of English landscape parks and French and Italian garden styles. In 1976, the cutting gardens were established to provide flowers for the arrangements in the residence and the galleries. Mrs. Dixon always had fresh flowers in her home and the Dixon Gallery and Gardens' long partenership with The Memphis Garden Club has continued this tradition. Image

In 1998, a horticultural complex opened at the Dixon that includes a library, meeting space, potting hub, greenhouses, and a Victorian glass conservatory.

The Dixon was certified as a level 2 Arboretum in October 2006, having 60 identified and labeled trees and a self-guided tour map.

===========
Afternoon

The aftershock of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4, 1968 would plunge the Lorraine Motel, a small minority-owned business in the south-end of downtown Memphis, into a long and steep decline. The motel抯 owner, Walter Lane Bailey kept a couple of rooms as a shrine to Dr. King and to Bailey抯 wife, Lorraine, who died of a brain hemorrhage several hours after King was shot.

By 1982, the Lorraine Motel was a foreclosed property. A group of prominent Memphians, concerned that this historic site would be destroyed through continued neglect and indifference, formed the Martin Luther King Memorial Foundation to save the Lorraine. Using a design report by a former Smithsonian Institution, Benjamin Lawless, the Foundation started seeking funding for the nations抯 first comprehensive exhibit chronicling America抯 civil rights movement.

The Foundation raised $10,000, which brought a short option to buy the Lorraine; however, members of the Foundation were unable to raise the full contract price of $250,000. Fortunately, in December 1982, the Foundation was able to purchase the Lorraine at auction for $144,000. Of that amount, $69,000 came from the fundraising efforts of Foundation members. In addition, $25,000 was donated by the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and $10,000 was donated by Lucky Hearts Cosmetics, a business located across the street from the Lorraine. The remaining $50,000 was loaned by Tri-State Bank and secured jointly by AFSCME and Lucky Hearts.

With vital support from the City of Memphis, Shelby County, and the State of Tennessee, nearly $ 9 million dollars were raised to create and construct a civil rights center within the Lorraine Motel designed to help visitors better understand the history and lessons of the American Civil Rights Movement.

The Lorraine Civil Rights Foundation held an official groundbreaking in 1987 and on September 28, 1991, the National Civil Rights Museum opened its doors to visitors.

In February 2001, the Museum broke ground for an $11 million expansion project entitled, Exploring the Legacy .

Exploring the Legacy adds 12,800 square feet of exhibition space and connects the main campus of the Museum to the Young and Morrow building and the Main Street Rooming House where James Earl Ray allegedly fired the fatal shot resulting in the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Both buildings were donated to the Museum by the Hyde Family Foundation.

Exploring the Legacy answers three critical questions: What happened after Dr. King's death? Did the Movement die in Memphis? What is the legacy of the Movement nationally and internationally?

The expansion also includes an overview of some of the world抯 most crucial human rights movements and the achievements gained through the efforts and sacrifices of courageous individuals who stood by their convictions. In celebration of the Museum抯 11th anniversary, Exploring the Legacy opened to the public on September 28, 2002.

Related Info...

===========
Mud Island

On Saturday, April 12, 2008, Mud Island River Park will open its gates to welcome in visitors for its 26th year. Last year nearly 200,000 visitors experienced this unique historical, cultural and recreational attraction. This year visitors will enjoy a variety of activities including: touring the ½ mile Riverwalk model, visiting the 18-gallery Mississippi River Museum, adventuring into the Wolf River Harbor on a rented kayak or canoe, or exploring Mud Island River Park by bicycle. Concessions, picnic areas, gift shops, concerts and special events throughout the season complete the experience.

River Walk:
===========
The River Walk is one of the most unique representations of the Mississippi River in the world. It is a 5-block long replica of the lower Mississippi river, from Cairo, IL, to New Orleans, LA. Each 30" stride is equivalent to one mile on the actual river. Along your journey, you'll revisit historical events and learn about geographical transformations.

The "1,000" mile journey concludes at the Gulf of Mexico, a one acre enclosure that holds 1.3 million gallons of water. There, visitors can enjoy a leisurely pedal boat ride around the Gulf area with the Memphis skyline in the background.

===========
14. Blue Angels Air Show, Pensacola Beach
Sponsor: Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL
Date: 2nd weekend in July
Regulated Area: A 5 nautical mile radius from a center point located
1500 feet out from the Pensacola Beach shoreline in front of the
Pensacola Beach water tank.

16. Annual Labor Day Fireworks
Sponsor: City of Destin, FL.
Date: 1 Day--Day of or Day before Labor Day.
Regulated Area: Destin East Pass between and including buoys 5 to
11, Destin, FL.

5.12 大地震, 如果今天注定了我们要经历这个文化的苦难，让我们面对苦难。

2008-05-20T14:16:00.003-05:00

一点感想——写在5.12四川大地震全国默哀之际
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Mon May 19 16:15:35 2008)

没有亲身经历，却从图片及摄像片断上看到了天安门广场极为熟悉的一幕：无数国人握着拳头，举着红色，注目国旗，齐声喊着口号，无论白发苍苍的老人还是满脸稚气的孩童皆然如此。与几十年前不同的是，那红色不再是小册子而是鲜艳的五星红旗，那拳头不再是无休止的阶级革命而是华夏民族团结一致战胜困难的决心，而人们心中所想的不再有昔日高高在上的偶像而是地崩山摇之中受苦受难的百万人民。

这种场面实在令人动容，令人热血沸腾。在这物欲横流自私自利世风日下的时代里，自己都曾怀疑过中国是否还能万众一心真正崛起，但一场突发奇来的灾难却将华夏民族潜在骨髓里的凝聚力和无畏的韧性表现得淋漓尽致。而这种力量不能不让远在海外的华人心系灾区的同时更为龙的传人而骄傲自豪。

comment: what after around two months? How to keep and utilize this spirit for our development?

这次的灾难就人员财产损失而言可能还算不上最严重的，但政府救援的透明度却是史无前例的，及时准确地报道灾情令一切谣言难以遁形，全国上下万众一心，就连众多国外主流媒体对于这次灾难的总体救援也罕有的以正面评价为主，不得不说是政府的一大进步。由衷地希望这次政府能够从开放和透明中尝到甜头，相信人民的判断能力，相信人民对于政府正确领导的支持，并将这种作风永远的保持下去并积极推广到国家及政府建设的每一个角落。

余震还在继续，河川还能决堤，疫情还待控制，家园还需重建，前面的困难仍然很多。但这次人们自发的团结，不禁让人充满信心，相信再大的困难也不过是“五岭逶迤腾细浪，乌蒙磅礴走泥丸”，中国人民是不可战胜的。

今年是祖国极不平静的一年，天灾人祸并生，内忧外患共存。然而古人早有教诲“生于忧患，死于安乐”，或许正是这多灾多难的2008年宛若一声惊雷将沉睡的巨龙唤醒，明天看到的将是金光万丈，飞龙在天。

--
大丈夫处世兮立功名；
立功名兮慰平生。
慰平生兮吾将醉；
吾将醉兮发狂吟！

============

中国现在是两头好，中间烂，该着手解决这个问题了。

===========
今天这碗奥运的饺子已经撒了一地了，这个年已经注定没法好好过了。恶棍们你们是否来不来开奥运，实在是随你们大小便了。但是咱们曾经苦难的祖辈中国人的这些后代，让我们手牵手，把一地的饺子捡起来，抱起来，我们自己要高高兴兴地过个年。我们的祖辈经历了战火的苦难，我们的父辈经历了政治的苦难，如果今天注定了我们要经历这个文化的苦难，让我们面对苦难。

Comment: yes, you are destined to endure this suffering and agony!

风花雪月的年代里面我们都曾经心比天高，谁说蝴蝶飞不过沧海。飞越重洋后不再豪情万丈，但是我们也不再鸳鸯蝴蝶。另一个我总会想起的名著场面，就是当年看过的小说”牛氓“的结尾：我永远都是一只快乐的牛氓。让我们做一只展翅飞翔的快乐牛氓。

让我们和北京一起2008！

Memphis Trip: 5/23 - 5/26

2008-05-19T12:16:00.000-05:00

Exact itinerary will follow soon. Cost will be somewhere around $150 and will include transportation, hotel & some admissions.

Possible activities to include:
Art Museum & Civil Rights Museum
Nationally Acclaimed Zoo
Famous Beale Street
Mud Island & Mississippi River Museum
Swimming & Hot tub available at Hotel
Shopping & More

Reserve your place now by calling (918) 408-8018 or email kbwinfrey@cox.net.

149 Beale
Memphis, TN 38103
Phone: 901-526-5047

Memphis music has “Blues you can Use”. The largest Blues specialty store in the world. Shop here for your Blues, Gospel, Rock N’ Roll and jazz CD’s, cassettes and videos.

Once you get past the Memphis Music's display windows -- the Blues Brothers statuettes and music-themed dishes -- you'll find a wealth of interesting items just begging for a good home. The shop's music selection nearly fills the back section of the store with CDs and cassettes and features a wide cross-section of artists such as Stax and Sun. There's plenty of Elvis here, of course, but you'll also find Coltrane, Ella Fitzgerald and a double-album's worth of other names and genres. Other offerings include T-shirts and caps, postcards picturing Beale Street, and other nifty souvenirs at very reasonable prices.

童谣2008: 永远不会忘记，二零零八 & The conversion between baby and mom

2008-05-19T11:33:00.001-05:00

今年的雪，特别的大，
爸爸还有妈妈，回不了家。

有群坏人，来把人吓
烧了我的学校，砸我的花。

那个喇嘛，叽里呱啦，
长鼻子的洋人，假装眼瞎。

巴黎铁塔，伦敦警察，
抱火ju的姐姐，人见人夸。

汽笛嘟嘟，铁轨哗哗，
去天堂的列车，还没到达。

龙又翻身，大地垮塌，
教室的瓦砾下，埋了童话。

重重的墙，将老师压，
我们在他身下，都很听话。

没过很久，听到喇叭，
外面有个爷爷，叫我别怕。

叔叔的手，使劲地挖，
解放军的飞机，送我回家。

经过灾难，我已长大，
永远不会忘记，二零零八...

==================================

孩子
快
抓紧妈妈的手

去天堂的路
太黑了
妈妈怕你
碰了头

快
抓紧妈妈的手
让妈妈陪你走
　　
妈妈
怕
天堂的路
太黑
我看不见你的手

自从
倒塌的墙
把阳光夺走
我再也看不见
你柔情的眸
　　
孩子
你走吧
前面的路
再也没有忧愁
没有读不完的课本
和爸爸的拳头

你要记住
我和爸爸的摸样
来生还要一起走
　　

妈妈
别担忧
天堂的路有些挤
有很多同学朋友
我们说
不哭
哪一个人的妈妈都是我们的妈妈
哪一个孩子都是妈妈的孩子

没有***子
你把爱给活的孩子吧
　
妈妈
你别哭
泪光照亮不了
我们的路

让我们自己
慢慢的走

妈妈
我会记住你和爸爸的模样

记住我们的约定
来生一起走

——————————————

那个爷爷说过：
一个很小的问题，乘以13亿，都会变成一个大问题；
一个很大的总量，除以13亿，都会变成一个小数目。

现在我们要说：
一点很小的善心，乘以13亿，都会变成爱的海洋；
一个很大的困难，除以13亿，都会变得微不足道

亲爱的宝贝,如果你能活着，一定要记住我爱你

2008-05-16T19:35:00.002-05:00

抢救人员发现她的时候，她已经死了，是被垮塌下来的房子压死的，透过那一堆废墟的的间隙可以看到她死亡的姿势，双膝跪着，整个上身向前匍匐着，双手扶着地支撑着身体，有些象古人行跪拜礼，只是身体被压的变形了，看上去有些诡异。

救援人员从废墟的空隙伸手进去确认了她已经死亡，又在冲着废墟喊了几声，用撬棍在在砖头上敲了几下，里面没有任何回应。当人群走到下一个建筑物的时候，救援队长忽然往回跑，边跑变喊“快过来”。

他又来到她的尸体前，费力的把手伸进女人的身子底下摸索，他摸了几下高声的喊“有人，有个孩子，还活着”。

经过一番努力，人们小心的把挡着她的废墟清理开，在她的身体下面躺着她的孩子，包在一个红色带黄花的小被子里，大概有3、4个月大，因为母亲身体庇护着，他毫发未伤，抱出来的时候，他还安静的睡着，他熟睡的脸让所有在场的人感到很温暖。

随行的医生过来解开被子准备做些检查，发现有一部手机塞在被子里，医生下意识的看了下手机屏幕，发现屏幕上是一条已经写好的短信“亲爱的宝贝，如果你能活着，一定要记住我爱你”，看惯了生离死别的医生却在这一刻落泪了，手机传递着，每个看到短信的人都落泪了。

=========

同样是大灾面前，看中美两国的应对措施

飓风Katrina在2005年8月29 日星期一清晨6点10分袭击了新奥尔良。该飓风自生成起就在气象部门的严密监视中。在飓风袭击新奥尔良前的48小时，各有关部门收到国家飓风中心的强烈警告，包括布什总统收到警告说飓风带来的海潮有可能摧毁新奥尔良的大堤（新奥尔良的很多地方在海平面以下或是平行）。

飓风登陆后5小时，联邦紧急救援局局长迈克尔-布朗才要求派遣1000名救援人员“在两天内”赶赴灾区。
forex

当时美国总统布什正在得克萨斯州的农场度假。接到飓风袭击的消息后，他继续度假到星期三，然后决定中止度假。在从得克萨斯飞回华盛顿的路上，空军一号在新奥尔良上空盘旋“视察”了灾区。

副总统切尼做了些什么呢？30号和31号，他两次打电话给南方松树电网公司（Southern Pines Electric PowerAssociation ），要求他们转为抢修密西西比州科林斯附近的电站。为什么呢？因为这个电站是为 ColonialPipeline输油管服务的。这条输油管负责从得克萨斯向美国东北部运送油品。

白宫的救援指挥部在飓风袭击的36小时后成立，并且决定“在第二天开展工作”。

8 月30号，新奥尔良开始发生大范围的武装抢劫和放火行为。当一名游客向警方求助的时候，得到的答复是“你去死吧！现在都是各顾各了。”（Go tohell, it's every man forhimself）。8月31号，1500名警察接到命令，放弃搜索幸存者，改为执行维护治安的任务。同时全程宣布宵禁。同日，女州长凯瑟琳-布兰科声称武装部队已经进入新奥尔良，并在电视上威胁说“他们对开枪和杀人很在行的。。。如果需要的话他们会的。。。”。至9月1号，已有6500名国民警卫队奉命赶到新奥尔良。9月2号，州长要求增派4万名国民警卫队参与救援和维护治安。最不可思议的是有人向救援的直升飞机和车队开枪射击。

另一件不可思议的事情发生在格雷特纳。格雷特纳在密西西比河西岸，与新奥尔良隔河相望，有一座桥联通。当接受了约6000名从新奥尔良逃出的难民之后，格雷特纳决定设置路障关闭该桥。格雷特纳的警察用枪指着持续到来的新奥尔良难民要求他们从原路回去，不准进入格雷特纳。据目击者介绍，几名警察曾威胁向逃出的难民和游客开枪。

截至2006年，官方公布的死亡数字是1464人。

算了，就找这么多吧。一个提前一个多星期就被跟踪，提前48小时预警的飓风，袭击了一个在提前两天就进入紧急状态的世界上最强大国家的大型城市，竟然造成一千多人丧生。大家自己去对比吧。

==========

英报：中国正在感受超级大国弊端

英国《金融时报》5月14日文章，原题：加入超级大国俱乐部的弊端身为超级大国并不总是风光和愉快的。除参加峰会、部署航母外，超级大国还有其他事情。它必须能应对批评，即便当它在抗击像"卡特里娜"飓风或周一侵袭中国四川省的毁灭性地震这样的自然灾害时。

中国未能理解近在眼前的超级大国地位的不利方面，这从网上流传的一份忧伤的电子邮件就可看出。这段文字严厉指责了西方对中国崛起的伪善。

这篇短文这样写道："当我们关上大门，你们派来炮舰、运来鸦片；我们拥抱自由贸易，你们责怪我们抢走饭碗；我们有10亿人时，你们说我们将使这个星球毁于一旦；我们限制人口，你们说这是对人权的侵犯……"短文最后一句以大字表达恼怒之情："你们到底要我们怎么办？"

这个问题问得好。这种抱怨想说的是中国做与不做都要挨骂。中国人对西方双重标准愤怒之深并不总能获得华盛顿或布鲁塞尔的理解。
forex

但在这种情形下，美国人很难不窃笑。几十年来他们一直被嘲笑为狂妄自大、麻木不仁、黩武和破坏生态的超级大国子民。而现在，美国人可以站在一边，静观中国感受苏联消亡以来一直针对美国的地缘政治热度。

这种趋势正日积月累。近期对欧洲最大5国的民调显示，欧洲人首次把中国列为全球稳定的头号威胁。

尽管中国军力存在弱势，但在舆论看来它已经是一个超级大国了。现在的问题不是中国是否会成为超级大国，而是它会成为怎样的超级大国。

事实上，当今中国与美国的相似之处惊人的多：既包括乐观和自信，还有傲慢和对外界一定程度的无知。两国的民族主义者一度还都对法国抱有幼稚的仇恨———美国人是因为法国对伊拉克战争的质疑，而中国人是由于法国对"藏独"分子的支持。

但是，超级大国的真正标志是世界其他国家关注这个国家内部发生的。从这一点来衡量，中国已经是一个超级大国了。

人们之所以关注，是因为中国的污染、切尔诺贝利核辐射、好莱坞电影、俄罗斯文学，乃至从白宫发动的战争，都会影响到他们。人们之所以关注，还因为超级大国往往因实力和能启发别国人民而受到尊重与钦佩。正由于此，世界才会震惊于"卡特里娜"飓风过后新奥尔良的混乱，世界的目光如今才会聚焦于四川。

当地震发生时，证据表明中国迅速有效地展开了救援行动。但他们仍将遭到仔细的监视，就像中国在北京奥运会到来之际将一直受到的一样。

身为超级大国绝非好玩之事，因为伴随着超级大国地位的是巨大责任和外国人的猜疑。对于那封诉说不公正对待中国的忧伤电子邮件只有一个明智的回答：欢迎成为超级大国———你现在能理解美国人的感受了。

Evolutionary Computation & Security

2008-05-15T23:01:00.000-05:00

Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO2006) Workshop Program: Military and Security Applications of Evolutionary Computation, ACM Press, 8-12 July 2006.

Analysis of Attack Graphs using Evolutionary Computation

Designing Secure Communication Using Evolutionary Approach

Principles of a Computer Immune System
in "1997 New Security Paradigms Workshop"

Genetic Algorithms, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, and Models of International Security [find similar] [try Google]
Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, pp. 166-185, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS'05), 2005

Machine Learning Techniques for the Computer Security Domain of Anomaly Detection

======
Focus on Student Research: Using Genetic Programming to Generate and Detect Attacks (Top)
Submitted by Hilmi Güneþ Kayacýk

Hilmi Güneþ Kayacýk is a Ph.D. student at Dalhousie University. He is part of the Network Information Management and Security project led by Dr. Nur Zincir-Heywood and Dr. Malcolm Heywood.

Two-dimensional visualization of network
traffic from a detector we developed
that shows separation between normal
behavior and attacks.In the last few years, we saw many changes in information technology. Many things changed for the better from a user’s point of view. Hardware got faster and cheaper, operating systems are easier to use and more reliable. Unfortunately, in case of computer security, this was not the case. Along with many benefits, the Internet also created numerous ways to compromise the security and stability of the systems connected to it. In 2003, 137,529 incidents were reported to CERT while in 1993, there were 1,334 reported incidents. Working in a networked environment exposes us to new threats every day.

The basic nature of computer security is that new attacks are continuously under development. As new attacks are discovered, security software that you have such as firewalls, virus scanners and intrusion detection systems should be updated to be able to recognize the new attacks. In order to produce the update, a human expert should analyze the attack and develop signatures or rules that describe the attack. Such an expert is responsible for recognizing the new unseen attacks and developing necessary signatures. This implies computer security software is as useful as the expert's ability of recognizing unseen attacks. The alternative approach is called the anomaly detection, which aims to define the normal behavior on a given computer system. Any deviation from the normal behavior is flagged as suspicious activity. However, developing normal behavior models is a challenge since normal behavior on one computer system may be considered suspicious in another.

Experienced attackers alter their attacks in a way to make their actions go unnoticed by both signature and anomaly based detectors. In response, security experts try to develop signatures or models that can describe all variants of the attack. The motivation of our research in Network Information Management and Security laboratory is to formulate a method for enabling detectors to automatically generalize to a wide range of embodiments of the same generic attack. To do so, we develop both detectors and corresponding attackers, and formulate the problem as an "arms race" between both parties. Within such a context the detector is encouraged to generalize beyond recognizing the specific instance of a single attack, therefore freeing the detector from working in a purely reactive manner.

Within this wider framework, my research focuses on the attacker side of the arms race, in particular building variants of a generic class of attack. For this purpose, I am using Genetic Programming to generate a population of attack variants. As with other forms of Evolutionary Computation, Genetic Programming is based on a population of candidate solutions. Candidate solutions take the form of computer programs (in an arbitrary programming language), thus naturally fitting the objective of designing alternative malicious code. In order to guide the evolution of such a population, selection and search operators are based on the concepts of natural selection and genetics. Main objective of my research is to provide variants of an attack class so that we can build detectors that are robust against any instance of an attack class

By eliminating the need for a human expert to develop attack signatures, detectors can detect unknown attacks and can easily be customized for different computing environments. Hopefully, being proactive rather than reactive in detecting known and unknown attacks will allow us to better defend our information technology infrastructures.

More information about our ongoing research can be found at Network Information Management and Security Group�s web site.

战士就跪了下来大哭：求求你们让我再去救一个我还能再救一个

2008-05-14T11:53:00.002-05:00

发信人: agostic (对“独”斗争), 信区: Military
标题: 战士就跪了下来大哭：求求你们让我再去救一个我还能再救一个
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue May 13 19:20:58 2008)

战士就跪了下来大哭：求求你们让我再去救一个我还能再救一个
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

2008-05-14 01:07:58 点击:100

作者南派三叔新浪博文：天佑中国，人间有爱

天佑中国人间有爱刚听到的消息 (2008-05-13 19:43:30)
　　
　　本来想今天更新，但是看到了新闻，实在没有了心情。
　　
　　刚刚接通了一位采访过我的四川记者朋友的电话，她刚刚从绵竹退下来，这个娇小的丫头在电话里和我讲了她眼见的情况，她只用了四个字形容，就是：“世界末日。”她说她几乎无法工作，眼泪就没有停过，太惨了，一片一片的废墟，到处是哭喊的声音，救援队发了疯一样的救人，然而往往救不了，跟着去的摄影只了拍一张照片，就扔下相机去帮忙，因为那情景让你不可能站着看着。
　　
　　她和我说，她在一个学校现场看到了她永远不会忘记的一幕，学校的主教学楼坍塌了大半，当时正在上课，几乎有100多个孩子被压在了下面。全是小学生。一些似乎是消防队员的战士在废墟中已经抢出了十几个孩子和三十多具尸体，看着那些小小的，带着红领巾却再也无法睁开眼睛的孩子，她说她突然觉得自己说话的勇气都没有了。　　

　　然而就在抢救到最关键的时候，突然教学楼的废墟因为余震和机吊操作发生了移动，随时有可能发生再次坍塌，再进入废墟救援十分的危险，几乎等于送死，当时的消防指挥下了死命令，让钻入废墟的人马上撤出来，要等到坍塌稳定后再进入，然而此时，几个刚才废墟出来的战士大叫又发现了孩子。
　　
　　几个战士听见了就不管了，转头又要往里钻，这时坍塌就发生了，一块巨大的混凝土块眼看就在往下陷，那几个往里转的战士马上给其他的战士死死拖住，两帮人在上面拉扯，最后废墟上的战士们被人拖到了安全地带，一个刚从废墟中带出了一个孩子的战士就跪了下来大哭，对拖着他的人说你们让我再去救一个，求求你们让我再去救一个！我还能再救一个！
　　
　　看到这个情形所有人都哭了，然而所有人都无计可施，只眼睁睁的看着废墟第二次坍塌。后来，那几个小孩子还是给挖出来了，但是却只有一个还活着，看着那些个年轻的战士抱着那个幸存的小女孩在雨中大叫着跑向救援所在的帐篷的时候，她已经泣不成声。
　　
　　我无法想象这在电话中已经如此惊心动魄的情形在当时是怎么样一个悲壮的场面，我只知道这是真实的，而且，在现在，在震中地区，这样的事情还在重复的发生着，就在今夜，我坐在舒适的房间内，第一次意识到我是否应该做些什么，虽然我不可能到现场去，但是我是否应该做一些力所能及的事情？
　　
　　
　　于是我眼含着眼泪，首先发了这一篇博文，我知道这篇博文无法带来什么实际的帮助，但是，这是我想到的最便捷的，我所能立即做到的第一件事情，一篇文虽然没有力量，但是至少我可以让更多的人关注这件事情。只有完成了第一件事情，才有第二件，第三件。
　　
　　
　　天佑中国，人间有爱。朋友们，无论你们身边有任何的条件，只要是能帮助灾区的，希望我们都马上付之行动，莫以善小而不为，一篇文章，一元捐款，都是一种支持，2008注定是荣耀与灾难交辉的一年，灾难的是中国人的土地，荣耀的是中国人的心。
　　