dapj Electronic Circuits

MCS48 Code for 80C39 Microcontroller

2009-07-01T15:49:00.001+05:30

80C39 is a Cmos Version of 8048 the one that preceded 8031-8051. MCS48 is the set for that, MCS51 is the current set. Here is an example project for 80C39-8748-8749 microcontroller. This code was written by me, and it works. But the documentation is not complete or may have errors.

Process Controller code here 80C39 Code for MCS48 (editable spreadsheet online)

Example - using Google Docs & Spreadsheets you can write assembly code on a spreadsheet. In private collaboration with others anywhere in the world. And you can use the docs to make reports, manuals or catalogs for publishing in your blog for public view.

See a manual document i have on public view Sequential Timer Manual (editable document online).

The basics of control system design - George Ellis

2009-07-01T08:24:00.000+05:30

Embedded Systems Design - Embedded.com

Reading the excellent articles above, i was reminded of an incident....

Proportional Controllers not only save energy, they can give a controlled finish or treatment to a job. An on-off controller or thermostat limit protection has to be used in series, this is to to stop a Runaway Process.

There was a real life instance when a Temperature cycling oven maker (environment chamber), faced large liabilities as an 8086 based profile controller and chart recorder just locked up and all the electronic equipment were roasted. Here even a bimetallic thermostat would have saved the day. Nowadays we have a watchdog timer to prevent such uP mishaps, but still use an analog controller in series as an over temperature trip. - Ananth

Test Measurement and Test jigs

2009-06-15T09:20:00.000+05:30

Test Tools are needed for Troubleshooting and Repairing Electronic Gadgets, Equipment, Electrical Panels and Machines. Precision Instruments are required for calibration of field and machine control electronics. These are also required by the R&D engineer for design and development of new products and trying out new concepts.

In Production testing, Production Engineering, Quality Assurance QA-QC etc. You need to build Test Jigs, Configure Automated Testing depending on the size of project or budget allocated; yet it has to be made flexible, scalable and modular. These require instruments or blocks that can be adapted and reconfigured or even interface with a computing network for automated testing, reporting and analysis.

Special Electronics come with every tool or gadget these days, A Slide calipers has a LCD display, Digital Readouts on mechanical instruments can help measure even sub-microns easily. Analytical and Chemical Instrumentation is another specialized niche. Then we have medical instrumentation which is more demanding in quality and requires sensors that are small, very sensitive and safe.

Instrumentation goes into all these and beyond. The day we find water on mars, It is only because of a precision instrument at the helm of things.

Anantha Narayan

Digital and Logic Circuits Basics

2009-06-15T08:20:00.000+05:30

Digital Logic :

Basic Digital Circuits

You can start learning digital circuits by learning the operation of logic gates, see an interactive gadget tutor Logic Gates.

Then you can test the basics with these tutor gadgets

Some Digital circuits i have explained Digital_Circuits - Mixed_Circuits.

Digital FAQ :

Dynamic Digital Tutors - 555 simulator

Usage of Schmitt trigger NAND Gates - I have a question about your Long Duration Timer circuit

Printer Sharing Without LAN - I am from Techno India college

Fuzzy Logic Links - please if you have some materials on Fuzzy logic control

Presettable Up-Down counter-timer - I am looking for a schematic for pre settable Up/Down counter

Seven Segment LED display - how is the circuit for driving a seven segment led

Timers and Counters :

Digital Timers, Counters and Clocks

Timers and Counters along with Analog Process Controllers formed the front end of Industrial Automation. Even today automation systems and control panels use analog timers and electromechanical counters. These are Indispensable. Analog + Digital combination controllers came next which were little bigger and offered better stability. They had thumbwheel switches as user interface in place of potentiometers.

uP based Systems with chips like 8085 came after that, they consumed more power and were big in size. The coming of Cmos uC like 80C31 made Process Instrumentation Small and SMD made even 48 X 48 DIN sizes possible. Now Analog and uC based designs are used in different applications. Digital Hybrids and uP instruments are not used as they were Transient-Technology Methods.

Mixed and Interface Circuits :

Mixed and Interface Circuits

Most of the sensor interface and instrument inputs are analog; even if it event based like a limit switch, analog circuit protection and signal conditioning is required before it reaches the level sensitive digital circuit blocks.

Starting with Schmitt triggers and to the VCO and A-D Converters, are grades of Mixed Circuits. I feel Comparators like LM339, Timers like the 555 and Phase Locked Loop PLL are fundamental mixed circuits as they have a analog voltage detection.

DSP and uC with built in A-D or D-A or even SOC are Public ASICs and Fall in the Embedded Systems Block. Public ASICs are not user specific, they can be branded, numbered and provided with Application notes for the use of the Design Departments of any firm. User Specific ASICs are custom built and have only an application with that manufacturer for a Specific Product type. This also protects the IP of Code and Device Design. Custom ASICs are limited to the Platform and Technologies for which they were designed. Then we have programmable and configurable chips other than uC for logic like PLD, CPLD, FPGA and SOC, there is even some talk of mixed or analog configurable chips.

It would be nice if they made a breadboard chip with 12 opamps, 24 comparators, Some PLD and a couple of uC. Then we certainly need software trimmable or tweakable Resistors and Trimpots. This is the Magnum Opus of EDA. A EDA Chip Printer may be coming soon ! (Affordable by small firms).

Visual Embedded RAD

2009-06-15T06:40:00.000+05:30

Just like an electronic circuit is a graphical representation of what will be on the PCB. Firmware development should be a 2D graphical diagram of what goes into eeprom.

An example is the Ladder Logic software that can program 80C51 types in a Fanuc, Allen Bradley or Siemens PLCs. Then many people can do at least restricted firmware programming for some embedded solutions.

Visual Embedded RAD. This is more like code snippets inserted in code in the background when user drags and drops a Hardware Function or Program Method. The Environment is Visual, but Code is compact as same modules or blocks used. There is no C or Intermediate Language. Visual to Binary Hex Direct.

(Idea - Mar-04, Revised again - 4 April 2008, Nature - Open Source Anantha Narayan )

Utility of Testing and Troubleshooting Tools

2009-06-15T05:55:00.000+05:30

Many times we cannot carry big or expensive test instruments to the field, so we have to have a troubleshooting tool kit. Continuity testers, Logic Probes, DMM, Clamp Meters etc..

It also is sometimes required to build a quick jig or fixture with electronics to troubleshoot, simulate a problem or to test the reliability or aging of components and systems. Here you need to be cost effective, fast and innovative; and build a simple system with available, affordable or procurable resources. Hence a bit of circuit design, firmware and software are essential skills for production engineering.

You can troubleshoot and repair Electronic Equipment easily with Meters and Continuity Testers. In India the early analog moving coil meters like AVO meters came from Motwane. Then we got Philips Analog Meters, Digital Meters and even Scopes.

Hameg Type Oscilloscopes came early, made by Scientific Mes-Technik. Power Supplies, Function Generators and Oscilloscopes were available from Aplab.

Anantha Narayan

Test Tools Resources

Electrical Control Panel Wiring

2009-06-09T09:36:00.000+05:30

Just like rackmounts hold big instruments or computers, control panels small or big have to hold DIN Instruments, switches and annunciators to make it easy for the operator. The maintenance work also is simple from the backside. It can be kept near the machinery which it controls.

Some Control panels go into Control Rooms at a distance away or at a greater height from the shop floor. This way they can monitor and give instructions while managing a larger process like processing of chemicals and at the same time safeguarding the instrumentation and computers with controlled environments.

Some of the pdf circuits are not easy to read, some have errors, this is mainly due to the importing of schematics from an older ORCAD Dos Version. I have corrected some circuits, some are to be checked. Also some circuits were not corrected after they were drawn by New Learners, as i wanted them to document what they learnt and familiarize with computers, Some did a good job. This section has no electronic parts, so you can figure out the diagrams.

Some example circuits of panels here Electrical Control Panel Wiring

Anantha Narayan

Related Reading -

Parts or Components in Electronics

2009-06-08T15:54:00.000+05:30

When i saw CadSoft EAGLE Layout Editor i wanted to try drawing circuits with it, Some circuits documented from my design note book are here with the editable schematics.

Here are circuits made of Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors which are passive components. Crystals, Thermistors, Varistors, Variable Passive RLC are also Passive Parts.

Zeners, Diodes, NPN-PNP Transistors, FET, MOSFET, SCR, Triacs are all discrete active devices. ICs and Hybrid Modules are made of many discrete and passive components. In the Integrated Circuits or ASICs, all parts even passives are derived on the Silicon Wafer. In Hybrid Modules the construction uses SMD or Tiny Chip components interconnected in a small ceramic PCB and Hermetically Sealed if needed.

Parts like Switches, Connectors, Relays and PCBs are ElectroMechanical parts. Nuts, Bolts, Screws, Cabinets and enclosures are Mechanical parts.

For a Systems Integrator or Control Panel Designer, the Timers, Controllers, PLC which are Electronic Products become Components or Modules along with Contacters, Current Transformers, AC-DC Drives etc.

Related reading -

Mains Voltage and Power Circuits

2009-06-08T14:00:00.000+05:30

Mains Power means the 230 V AC 50 Hz or 110 V AC 60 Hz in some countries, The lower power line like 5A is used for small lamps and fans. The higher power line 15A is used to drive the High Power Electrical Appliances like Heaters and Motors. This is a single phase supply.

Single phase Supply in layman language means a Live, a Neutral and an optional earth. The earthing is a must in every building along with lightning protection. The Neutral is a close to earth potential, The live can give a shock to a man who is in contact with earth at some part of the human body. So great care has to be taken. This live wire or point can be easily checked by a quality standards approved Neon Tester.

Three phase supply - there are three Live wires, used in factorys and apartments to power bigger loads and Motors. A 3 phase AC motor is very efficient and economical and most machines like Drills and Lathes are powered by AC Motors. 3 phase supply becomes essential for industry.

The voltage is transmitted and supplied to houses at a high level in comparison to low level of batteries. This High Voltage is not safe but Inevitable, as transmitting at lower voltage means greater current carrying requirements of wires and connectors. That leads to more copper or aluminum usage, more wastage of power due to I2R.

Earthing has to be good, use a Earth Leakage Trip Device. If earth wire gets snapped outside and some appliance is leaking, the metal clad appliances may give shock. Even if no appliance is leaking, the current thru y-capacitors of EMI Filters in Electronic Gadgets like computers are enough to make your Neon tester glow.

Anantha Narayan

Related reading -

Analog Electronic Circuit Design

2009-05-19T08:20:00.000+05:30

The very first designs that came about were analog designs, a Vacuum Tube amplifier is an example. Analog is the representation of data or physical parameter in an accurate and precise decimal number like + 72.182 mV. The greater the resolution required, the more demanding is the design for achieving high accuracy and low drift. Digital circuits have only two voltage levels, high and low, the third state of floating, Hi-Z or high impedance is only for multiplexing or sharing a bus. This is done so that devices dont drive into each other and it is also used in external port drivers.

As an analogy, see the conventional water tap as an analog control, an electric light ON-OFF switch as a digital control.

Even in digital, going from a low level say 0V to a high level say 5V is not instantaneous, the side of the square wave or the rising edge is not as straight as it looks. On zooming only the edge, you see that it is also an analog phenomena. The 'square wave' itself appears to be a summation of many sine waves, 'harmonics'. This is because nature is analog, the sine wave is analog, the movements of the planets or even the spin of electrons in an atom too.

After the handheld Abacus calculator (low-power, durable, bio-degradable), Mechanical and electro-mechanical computers were made and studied, The very first electronic computers were Analog Computers using an opamp as a building block.

Then came huge Digital Computers, Later LSI and other Microelectronic Innovations have precipitated handheld computers. An iPod Touch has a Business-Scientific calculator and an Abacus as well.

The Rising edge of the square wave depends on the Transient Response of the devices, the slew rate and bandwidth too. Fast Op-Amps are required for many applications, in switching and also AC amplification. Beyond that, study goes into Power Electronics and RF-Microwave which are specialized extensions of Analog. Similarly study of Digital Circuits extends into Computers.

Analog Design and Circuits

17:36 24-Oct-08

Anantha Narayan

Related Reading

delabs Tweeter and a Wallpaper

2009-05-18T10:10:00.000+05:30

I have a delabs nano-news tweeter, delabs Tweeter - . I did try twitter 2-3 years back, then lost interest. Recently i had to see Google Adsense twitter to get the latest news. Even the Twitter Search is an useful tool for people's opinion or findings on subjects. So i am trying twitter again. In case you have a Smartphone use this Mobile delabs Twitter.

I made a background for it, like many others have. I also made a delabs Wallpaper if you are interested. This is to inspire you in Electronics. The Desktop Icons may get lost in this wallpaper, but two clear regions for icons are there.

800-600 jpg 125 kb delabs Wallpaper. The delabs-1024-768 around 256kb. can be got from album below after zooming.

From dapj Electronic Circuits

Idea of this wallpaper from Twitter Life background of Life mag. Components from Open Clip Art Library and help from a French Artist.

Analog Op-Amp Circuits

2009-05-18T08:30:00.000+05:30

Operational Amplifiers :

With a few Op-Amps and a regulated Power supply, many Instrumentation and Process control equipment can be designed. The Human Brain understands Numbers, Quantity and it regulation very well ! On the right you can see a analog controller based on opamps and discrete devices. A Heater, Fan and Motor is regulated, controlled and timed for a process.

Analog is about numbers, the circuits can be understood and designed mathematically or empirically. Designing and Building a True RMS Rectifier with Op-Amps, will help a designer digest many Op-Amp capabilities.

Read this to learn to use Op-Amps -

Basic Semiconductor Circuits Manual

Analog Op-Amp Circuits

Things you ought to know about Op-Amps -

OpAmp part numbers from various semiconductor companies are designed for both General purpose and special applications. Some have to be cost-effective for consumer low-cost equipment, while others may be advanced in specs, closing in on an ideal Op-Amp.

Instrumentation opamps are used for accurate and low drift applications. These Op-Amps have stringent specifications and are used in the fields like Aerospace or Medical Electronics. A pre-amplifier for an FM Radio may need to be low-priced. Test Measurement needs Op-Amps which have near ideal specs in the area of measurement or application. CMOS low-power devices are used when designs are made for portable gadgets.

Outputs cannot be Loaded beyond the drive capacities, Note Resistors and Output Load.
Inputs draw a small bias current and will load the signal sources, compensate design.
Op-Ams AF-RF or Switching performance study with Slew rate and Bandwidth.
Power consumption of some Op-Amps are more and some very less, choose wisely.
Look for Standard Pin-Outs, Price, Popularity and study Abs. Max, AC and DC Specs.
Use Packages with multiple Op-Amps like LM324 to save board space and assembly time.
Op-Amps and its 1% MFR resistors should have a separate supply and far from hot parts.
Ultra Low Offset Voltage is required, when you wish to amplify a DC level of say 500uV.
Guard rings to be used for High impedance inputs and EMI-RFI Shielding for AF Amplifiers.
Glass epoxy PCB, clean surface, Pins and Tracks protected from Moisture and Chemicals.
Avoid Ground Loops, Have regulated Low ripple Power supplies. Dynamic Isolation.

09:07 25-Oct-08

Anantha Narayan

Related Reading

Learn Analog Op-Amps Circuit Design

2009-05-18T07:50:00.000+05:30

delabs Op-Amp Circuits (painstakingly) updated, Also i have collected below good external reference resources which are for learning about Op-Amps, Visit all the external resorces as they are related to this learning.

Related Reading

Basic Electrical Circuits

2009-05-15T17:33:00.000+05:30

Electrical Engineering encompasses Everything in Electronics. Communications, Computers etc. are further specializations of Electronics. So it is best to Identify Electrical Circuits with Electrical Designs which excludes Active Devices. It can include Electronic Products in the form of wireable modules.

So House and Factory wiring, Appliances like Ovens, Toasters, Power Generation and management; all these are electrical. Motors, Generators, Connectors, Relays, Contacters and Circuit Breakers are Electrical Components.

A Radio or Power Inverter is Electronic. When an Inverter or Electronic AC-DC Motor Drive is used in a Control panel or Power Supply system, that integration is shown as an Electrical Circuit. I feel Simple Consumer Electronic Circuits using Diodes, Transistors, SCR, Capacitors and Resistors can also be taken under electrical circuits; when they are used in Mains-Power or Household Appliances. Solar Energy related circuits also can be studied under Electrical Power Circuits.

In Electronics RF-Microwave and Communications is a specialization area, Computer Hardware, Software, Internet form another major domain. Networking and Wireless data communication overlaps both the above.

Power Electronics and Instrumentation are fundamental domains needed for many. Industrial Automation with Process Control Instrumentation is unique, but is supported by the fundamental domains. Many more finer areas like Robotics and Medical Electronics have a much sharper focus.

Basic Electrical Circuits - delabs

Anantha Narayan

Learn More

The C Programming Language

2009-05-15T13:15:00.000+05:30

The C Programming Language

The C Programming Language, Second Edition by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie.
Prentice Hall, Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-13-110362-8 (paperback), 0-13-110370-9 (hardback).

The C++ Programming Language

Bjarne Stroustrup is the designer and original implementor of C++

More than a quarter of million programmers have benefited from this book in all of its editions. Written by Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, this is the world's most trusted and widely read book on C++.

For this special hardcover edition, two new appendices on locales and standard library exception safety have been added. The result is complete, authoritative coverage of the C++ language, its standard library, and key design techniques. Basd on the ANSI/ISO C++ standard, The C++ Programming Language provides current and comprehensive coverage of all C++ language features and standard library components.

Multi-Instrument Digital Assistant - PIC16F84A

2009-05-13T11:05:00.000+05:30

Multi-Instrument Digital Assistant - PIC16F84A

"It contains four instruments in one unit: logic probe, single channel logic state analyzer, frequency counter and serial code receiver."

The Engineer's Assistant - Erik Grindheim

Electronics-Tutors

2009-04-23T12:20:00.000+05:30

Here are Some Electronics Educational pages and Tutorials

Educational Reference

Intute - Free online service, database, best Web resources for education and research.
All About Circuits - series of online textbooks, electricity and electronics by Tony
Electronics Concepts at HyperPhysics - Excellent reference for students learning Electronics.
Educypedia - information technology, electronics, resources, science, computer.
Merlot - Open resource designed for faculty and students. Links to online learning materials.

Tutorials and Examples

Electronics Club - Tutorials and Explanation on most of the Basic Electronics to get you started.
Electronics For Beginners - Theory and Beginners TextBook to help you learn Electronics.
Tony's Website! - Practical and Valuable Guide to many aspects of Hands-on Electronics.
Elliott Products - Audio Projects, Amplifiers, Kits. Tutorials and Circuits.
Amasci Bill - Science Hobby, Electronics Hobby, Information, Ideas and Links.

Online Classrooms

Circuit-Fantasia - A novel concept in electronics education, alternative to the classic.
Play-Hookey - Online Classroom - Interactive Resource, Electronics Edutainment.

Kits-Components

2009-04-23T12:00:00.000+05:30

Here are some suppliers of components and kits for electronics.

DatasheetArchive - Purchase parts online, 5.2 Million Datasheets and 1.1 Million Cross-References.
Static-ESD.com - Static & ESD Control Equipment. Distributes high quality antistatic tools, instruments, and equipment to control undesired electrostatic discharge.
ECNmag.com - Product news and information for the electronic designer. Technology information.
GlobalSpec - Search engine, information resource. engineering, industrial, technical.
Tucker Electronics - New Used Test Equipment, Refurbished Oscilloscopes,Analyzers.
Jameco - Passive Components, Wire and Cable, Fans, Batteries and Robotics.
Digi-Key Corporation - ICs, Semiconductors, Capacitors, Transformers, Relays.
Mouser Electronics - Electro Mechanical, Electronics, Components, Connectors, Chips.

Kits and Tools

Adafruit Industries - Unique DIY electronics - sells kits and parts, open source hardware.
Almost All Digital Electronics - Small test tools, gadgets, kits, spares, DIY.
Electronix Express - Distributor of electronic components, test equipment and tools.
Fair Radio Sales Company - Public military and industrial surplus electronics.
Reynolds Electronics - PicBasic Pro,PicBasic,Basic Stamp,PIC Micro,and 8051.

Technology Firms can Advertize in delabs

2009-04-21T07:50:00.000+05:30

Electronics Manufacturers and Technology Firms can now Advertise in delabs and dapj sites. The ads will be managed using Google Admanager. If you wish to advertize use the Contact Form.

You can also Advertize by Targeting my Sites or Content Areas using Google Advertising.

This will help support the delabs Circuits Archive and keep Technology Ideas and Feedback coming from me. I thank the Sponsors and Advertisers for their support to the Tech Blogging Community.

Anantha Narayan delabs

Software and Web Design Tech Blogs

2009-04-19T20:20:00.000+05:30

Some Software and Web Design Blogs i maintain, i use these to share my ideas and learning.

I feel affordable computers and software are the only hope for Unfettered Knowledge Acquisition in many fields, for people in many countries. Especially people, who had no formal education or opportunity. Hence Computers are very important now, as the Web has become a nearly Infinite Source of Knowledge and Ideas.

SAN Gear - Computers, Programmers, and Kinetic Web Design.

Web Deuce - Webmasters Resources, Websites, Scripts, Tools, Gadgets, WebApps.

Anantha Narayan

Tuned Search is moved to dapj.net

2009-04-17T17:30:00.000+05:30

The Custom search engines are at dapj Web. Seven Specialized Search Engines are at dapj Tuned Search. They use the Google Custom Search and are updated by the data from my Tech Blogs. Every month as more blog posts are added, the search gets a bit better. Some pages are manually added too.

Engineering Scientific Search - Tuned Search for Engineering and Scientific Products, Services, Manufacturers, Companies, Dealers, Distributors.

Software Developer Search - Tuned Search for Software, Programmer, Computers, Web Design and Developer Resources.

Electronics Design Search - Tuned Search for Electronics Circuits, Schematics, PCB, Product Design and Projects.

Hobby and Do it Yourself Search - Tuned Search for Hobby Electronics, Do it Yourself Projects, Audio, Video, Home, Garage Gadgets and DIY Pages.

Business Enterprise Search - Tuned Search for Commercial Establishments, Companies, Industries, Business and Corporations.

Indian Products Services Search - Tuned Search for Industries and Companies. Resources and Websites about India.

Education Knowledge Search - Tuned Search for Information, Learning, Knowledge, Students and Educational Resources.

delabs Schematics on Wordpress and Laughing Squid

2009-04-08T06:55:00.000+05:30

delabs Schematics now on a WordPress, you can comment on the circuits if you need more details. I will try to clarify your doubt or suggest extra reading.

Electronics Circuits is now Hosted on Laughing Squid.

It is a Copper Squid, That makes it more Electrifying !

The Industrial Electronics Handbook by J David Irwin

2009-03-13T06:45:00.000+05:30

From traditional topics that form the core of industrial electronics, to new and emerging concepts and technologies, The Industrial Electronics Handbook, in a single volume, has the field covered. Nowhere else will you find so much information on so many major topics in the field. For facts you need every day, and for discussions on topics you have only dreamed of, The Industrial Electronics Handbook is an ideal reference.

The Industrial Electronics Handbook by J David Irwin at delabs Library

delabs Websites Accessible Globally

2009-03-12T14:25:00.000+05:30

Some Enhancements and Changes on delabs

I get visitors from countries, who use even technical information, in their own native language. By using the Google Translate Gadget in my Sites and Blogs, This gadget can be seen in all my blogs and Front Pages. If you visit External Sites Links on Translate from my sites, even they will be translated.

dapj Gizmos - Electronics Gadgets and Gizmos more focused around web and computing.

The Privacy Policy has been updated.
delabs Privacy Policy - Current - 03:39 PM 11-Mar-09 - V 1.3

Anantha Narayan delabs

Portable dapj version for HandHeld Devices

2009-03-12T12:11:00.000+05:30

I am now experimenting with an idea of using Google Sites for Web enabled HandHeld Devices like iPod and iPhone.

portable dapj - This works, i will use it for updates and news.