I Want to Quit Smoking

Tobacco Companies Secretly Raising Levels of Nicotine

2006-09-01T09:27:00.000-07:00

Tobacco Companies Secretly Raising Levels of Nicotine
Desperate effort to hook new young smokers and prevent older ones from quitting

New York Times Editorial, 8/30/06
While most of us thought the country was trying to curb smoking, and the rapacious habits of the tobacco companies, it turns out the industry has been sneakily making cigarettes more addictive.

Evidence of what looks like an increasingly desperate effort to hook new young smokers and prevent older ones from quitting has been uncovered by a Massachusetts law that forces tobacco companies to report test results showing how much nicotine is inhaled by typical smokers of their various brands.

This week, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health revealed that from 1998 through 2004, as public health campaigns were mounted to curb smoking, the manufacturers increased the amount of addictive nicotine delivered to the average smoker by 10 percent. Of 179 cigarette brands tested in 2004, an astonishing 166 brands fell into the state’s highest nicotine yield range, including 59 brands that the manufacturers had labeled “light” and 14 described as “ultra-light.” The three most popular brands chosen by young smokers — Marlboro, Newport and Camel — all delivered significantly more nicotine as the years passed. Virtually all brands were found to deliver a high enough nicotine dose to cause heavy dependence.

This trend has escaped notice because the standard government test uses a smoking machine that fails to mimic real-life smoking. A manufacturer, for example, can design a cigarette that will score low in nicotine delivery to the machine by placing tiny ventilation holes in the filter to dilute the smoke. But in real life a smoker will often cover the vents with lips or fingers, thereby inhaling a higher dose of nicotine. When Massachusetts required the manufacturers to use what it considered a more realistic method, the nicotine yields were more than twice those found on the standard test. The Massachusetts approach may not be perfect, but it is surely a lot more accurate than the traditional test, which virtually all independent experts consider deficient.

It is stunning to discover how easily this rogue industry was able to increase public consumption of nicotine without anyone knowing about it until Massachusetts blew the whistle. The Massachusetts report bears out the conclusions of a federal judge in Washington, who recently concluded that the companies have designed cigarettes to produce low nicotine readings on the standard test while delivering enough nicotine to create and sustain addiction. It is long past time for Congress to bring this damaging and deceitful industry under federal regulatory control. If the companies had to justify to the Food and Drug Administration why they should be allowed to increase the nicotine inhaled by smokers, you can bet they wouldn’t even try.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

SECRET SCIENCE BEHIND HYPNOSIS

2006-08-29T09:52:00.000-07:00

SECRET SCIENCE BEHIND HYPNOSIS
Someone has recently emailed me and asked in what sense is hypnosis a science?

The word science, from Latin scientia, means knowing, and in the broadest sense refers to any knowledge. The word science also refers to any systematic field of study and knowledge gained from such study. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on empiricism, experimentation, and methodological naturalism (an assumption that observable events in nature can be explained by natural causes), as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained by such research.

The science behind hypnosis, the science of using one's mind power, is governed by the same natural laws and processes that are present everywhere in nature. Thoughts are seeds and the process of planting seed thoughts in one's subconscious mind is equivalent to planting seeds in the soil to produce desired fruits. A tomato seed will produce only tomato. Seed thoughts of health will produce health. Seed thoughts of lack will produce lack. Seed thoughts of prosperity will produce prosperity.

For a seed to take root, it has to be planted in the fertile, receptive soil. The same is true whether the seed of the fruits is to be planted in the earth, or the seed of an idea is to be planted in the subconscious mind. For the idea to take root in the subconscious mind, the subconscious has to contain some matching, corresponding ideas, some receptiveness to the idea, otherwise the idea will be rejected.

We live in an ocean of consciousness and energy, in an ocean of intelligent energy, in an ocean of energy which responds to thought. As a matter of fact, our bodies and everything in the material universe is fashioned out of that consciousness and energy.

That same worldview is held by quantum physics and by metaphysics. That's why it is said that the universe is mind-like in nature.

Consciousness is considered masculine in nature and energy feminine. In eastern esoteric tradition, consciousness is referred to as Shiva and energy as Shakti. In esoteric traditions throughout the world, a masculine symbol, often a phallus or a blade is used to represent consciousness and the projective attribute of thought, while a feminine symbol, vulva or an object like a cup or chalice is used to represent the energy and the receptive attribute of energy.

Through merging of consciousness and energy, thoughts and emotions, form is born into existence. Thought gives to the form its shape and energy gives it life. Without energy, the thought is dead. In eastern tradition there is a saying that Shiva (consciousness) is Shava (a corpse) without Shakti (energy). Without energy giving it power, the thought is impotent to do anything.

In alchemy, the field which deals with transformation and transmutation of consciousness and energy, sexual symbolism is often used to portray the interplay between consciousness and energy, the two polarities merging into and dissolving into One, into that which is formless, timeless, infinite. The entire process occurs within the individual.

Hypnosis works with mathematic precision. Manifestation of any idea requires certain amount of energy, just like a car needs so much fuel to keep running, or your body requires so much food before you feel full or have the necessary energy to go about your daily business.

When the required amount of energy is supplied, the idea is manifested into form. No idea, either in individual in group consciousness exists in isolation. Each one is empowered or dis-empowered by either ideas. All thoughts which are impressed in your subconscious mind right now are charged with some energy.

There are essentially two ways to charge a particular idea with energy using mind-power - through the intensity of emotions or through repetition. With most people this process occurs completely out of conscious awareness.

Each day through contemplation and through your feelings you are reinforcing and empowering some ideas by feeding them with more energy, and at the same time you are disempowering some other ideas. Energy follows thought. Whatever thoughts you contemplate on regular basis, you nurture with more and more energy. Any idea, either in individual or in group consciousness, gains strength and power from the energy invested into it.

When two ideas are in conflict, either within the individual or within the group consciousness, the one which has more energy invested into it - wins. That's why it is simply said that we are always experiencing in our world our predominant ideas. Predominant ideas are those into which we have - intentionally or unintentionally - invested the most energy and thus we have empowered them through the creative faculty of our minds and hearts.

Conflicting ideas and desires bring into play the element of time. In conflict, there is friction, there is separation. When you experience inner conflict, you experience yourself in some way separate from that which you desire. Without inner conflict, there is no time - the manifestation is instantaneous. Without conflict, there is only oneness - you are that which you desire. In essence, the entire purpose of hypnosis and of meditation is to go beyond all inner conflict, beyond any sense of separation and simply BE that which you desire to experience, fully and completely.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Big Tobacco's recent public relations "extreme makeover" to seem more socially responsible took a very bad turn this week.

2006-08-18T16:45:00.000-07:00

Big Tobacco's recent public relations "extreme makeover" to seem more socially responsible took a very bad turn this week.

America’s tobacco companies, including Philip Morris (Altria) and R.J. Reynolds, were found GUILTY on federal racketeering charges in the long-running Department of Justice lawsuit against the tobacco industry. The court’s 1652 page ruling exposes the tobacco companies in detail for what they really are: rogue, murderous companies bent on ensnaring the world in their web nicotine addiction and killing people for profit through a system of deceit and lying.

Tobacco companies will try to put a positive spin on this guilty verdict, but it is ultimately a devastating loss for Big Tobacco. Rather than getting an out of court settlement, they were found guilty of lying on a massive scale, racketeering, and causing unprecedented human suffering and death. Many more pages of damning internal documents will now be available for public and legal scrutiny. Big Tobacco will now be held more accountable for its aggressive marketing efforts worldwide.

U.S. District Court Judge Gladys Kessler found the tobacco companies guilty of over fifty years of conspiracy to deceive the public about the dangers of smoking and secondhand smoke, which has lead to the deaths and suffering of millions of people.

The ruling also says that the tobacco companies "marketed and sold their lethal product with zeal, with deception, with a single-minded focus on their financial success and without regard for the human tragedy or social costs that success exacted."

Among the key remedies ordered by the court:

* The tobacco companies must make corrective public statements about the health hazards of secondhand smoke and smoking.

* The companies are ordered to stop using deceptive descriptors for cigarettes, such as light, "low tar," or "natural, that convey that they are less hazardous than other cigarettes.

Unfortunately, Judge Kessler felt unable to levy more comprehensive remedies, such as funding a national cessation program, based on an earlier appellate court ruling.

This means it is now more urgent than ever before for local and state lawmakers to show leadership for enacting smokefree workplace protections and tobacco prevention programs that save lives and money from the needless death, disease, and suffering caused by tobacco

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Testimonials 081606

2006-08-16T15:33:00.000-07:00

It isn't perfect.

Regardless of what people say your hypnosis therapy isn't the perfect answer but it is the only thing that has worked and for that I'm grateful. I still think about smoking a cigarette but I haven't smoked in three and a half months and I think about smoking less and less frequently. Even when I first quit, thinking about it and NOT DOING it was a new experience for me. Now I am to the point where I see someone smoking and it looks odd and I think "I really am glad I don't do that any more". Thank you for asking me, "What have you got to lose?" because now I know. What I had to lose was a nasty, expensive habit. You really helped me.

Elinore Bentwing

____________________________________________________________________________________

Hello Mark:

Do you remember me? Roger Ebehart? We talked almost a year ago and at that time you told me to wait until I felt ready. Well, then I met Veronica! She is the most beautiful girl in the world (and the best wife, too). When we met she told me she didn't like cigars and wouldn't go out with a man who smoked. Talk about needing something to push you over the edge! As you recall I called back and became a non-smoker and 'Veronica dater'. Tomorrow is our six month Anniversary and I'm taking her away for the weekend on the money I've saved not buying cigars. Calling you back was the best move I ever made.

Just wanted to let you know.

R.E.

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Testimonials 081106

2006-08-11T22:17:00.000-07:00

Hello there:

It worked! It really does. I ought to know because there isn't anything I haven't tried and failed at. Hypnosis therapy is the only approach to smoking that appealed to my intellect as well as my lack of will power. You were right, will power doesn't cut it. It doesn't last. Hypnosis does.

I owe you one.

Abigail Cox

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Dear Mark:

When I called and spoke to you and, consequently, tried hypnosis therapy I didn't tell you what had finally made me call. Now, as a non-smoker for eight months I'll tell you the reason. My husband Gerald was coming up on his 70th birthday and getting ready to retire. We had planned for some time to travel. Gerald told me that if I didn't quit smoking (three packs a day) he wasn't going to retire. He said he saw no reason to retire and have me die of lung cancer and then be all alone with nothing to do and no one to do it with so he was going to keep working until I quit.

Well, he had me over a barrel. His health wasn't all it should be and he really needed to take it easy and enjoy the rest of his life so I called you. What is truly odd is that when I did the hypnosis thing I found out that I really wanted to quit. For me! I just needed that push.

My husband thanks you, too.

Love, Kate

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Smoking: New anti-smoking pill linked to numerous side-effects

2006-08-07T22:21:00.000-07:00

Smoking: New anti-smoking pill linked to numerous side-effects
Every time I see a gaggle of smokers standing around the entrance to an office building I feel profoundly grateful that I'm not out there with them. I used to be one of them - a slave to the habit. And without question, quitting cigarette addiction was the healthiest thing I've ever done. It was also one of the hardest things I've ever done. And I know I wouldn't have succeeded without the daily support from family and friends. But my family and friends can't be there to help everyone stop smoking, so I guess that's why Pfizer developed Chantix - only the second smoking cessation drug with US Food and drug Administration(FDA) approval that doesn't use nicotine. No nicotine - that's sounds good. But after reading the details (and reading between the lines), you might wonder why any clear thinking person would choose this regimen over a non-pharmaceutical method. Pfizer has submitted Chantix for approval to European regulators, so I imagine it won’t be long until it becomes the second anti-smoking pill to hit the market, joining Glaxo Smith Kline’s Zyban, which first became available 10 years ago. Smoking: Zyban is linked to serious side effects Before we look at Chantix (holding it at arm's length so we don't get any on us), I'll tell you a little secret about Zyban, which is also a non- nicotine smoking cessation drug. Its active ingredient is called Wellbutrin, an antidepressant that has a history of increased seizure risk when used in high doses, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. You have to wonder how many smokers out there are trying to quit by using Zyban, completely unaware that they're actually taking a powerful antidepressant. Ah, but there's more. The Zyban information flyerwarns: "Patients who are started on therapy should be observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behaviour." And according to the Wellbutrin website, the "most common side effects" with Wellbutrin XL include skin rash, sweating, stomach pain, anxiety, dizziness, trouble sleeping, nausea, sore throat and fast heartbeat. Classic! The cure might be worse than the habit.
Smoking: Adverse effects linked to Chantix Nicotine binds to certain brain receptors, prompting a release of dopamine in the brain's pleasure centers. This creates the sensation that cigarette smokers chase relentlessly. Chantix binds to the same brain receptors, blocking the nicotine and the pleasant sensation.
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The drug also cuts cigarette cravings by slowing dopamine release. Studies show that this method works on a little over 20 percent of smokers who take Chantix for a year. Only 16 percent of Zyban users were successful over the same test period. And Chantix was even more effective in a 12-week test, although the subjects' long-range success in quitting for good was not monitored. And of course, there were side effects. Chantix will launch later this year, but Pfizer has already put up a Chantix website that lists these side effects as the most common: nausea, constipation, gas, vomiting and changes in dreaming. (I wonder if "changes in dreaming" is a sly euphemism for"nightmares.") But that list just gets things started. There are quite a few side effects listed as "frequent," including diarrhoea, gingivitis, chest pain, back pain, dizziness, anxiety, depression, emotional disorder, polyuria (excessive urination), menstrual disorder and hypertension. And then there's this intriguing note: "Fewer than 1 out of 1,000 patients reported euphoria in clinical trials with Chantix." Euphoria? Hmm...sounds like a little dopamine might be slipping through to the pleasure centers for a few blissfully happy Chantix users.
www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Anti-Smoking Group Wins Legal Victory

2006-07-17T15:25:00.000-07:00

Anti-Smoking Group Wins Legal Victory
2:39 PM PDT, July 17, 2006

WASHINGTON -- An anti-smoking group known for its edgy ads featuring teenagers has won a legal victory over No. 3 cigarette maker Lorillard Tobacco Co. The Delaware Supreme Court ruled Monday that the ads created by the Washington-based American Legacy Foundation did not violate a 1998 agreement between the tobacco industry and the states.
That agreement led to restrictions on tobacco marketing and the creation of the foundation, which the tobacco companies fund through their payments to the states. The agreement stated that the foundation could not vilify or personally attack tobacco companies or executives, something Lorillard argued the foundation has been doing in its ads. Monday's ruling upheld a lower court decision that found the ads did not violate the agreement. "I'm just delighted that this five-year unfounded action against us has come to an end and that we have a license to save lives," said Cheryl Healton, president and CEO of the foundation. Lorillard, based in Greensboro, N.C., declined to comment Monday. The company previously highlighted several Legacy ads it thought went too far. In one radio ad, a person identifying himself as a dog walker phones Lorillard and tells the operator he wants to sell the company dog urine because it is full of urea, "one of the chemicals you guys put into cigarettes." In another ad, teens show up at Philip Morris offices in New York, though the company isn't identified in the ad, and announce that they have a delivery for the marketing department. The delivery is a lie detector, and the teens tell the company officials they want to clear up conflicting statements that have been made about the addictive nature of nicotine. The case was settled in Delaware because that is where Lorillard and the Legacy

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Second-hand smoke kills people and the only way to control it is to ban all smoking in workplaces, the U.S. government's top doctor said on Tuesday.

2006-06-27T14:10:00.000-07:00

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Second-hand smoke kills people and the only way to control it is to ban all smoking in workplaces, the U.S. government's top doctor said on Tuesday.
The report by Surgeon General Richard Carmona echoed the forcefulness of a 1964 surgeon general's report which paved the way for mandatory cigarette warnings and advertising restrictions.
"The scientific evidence is now indisputable: second-hand smoke is not a mere annoyance," Carmona told reporters. "It is a serious health hazard that can lead to disease and premature death in children and nonsmoking adults."
At least 60 percent of U.S. nonsmokers show signs of exposure to second-hand smoke, Carmona wrote in a preface to the report.
The report said it was impossible to protect nonsmokers even with designated smoking areas, making a workplace ban necessary.
"I hope this new Surgeon General's Report will finally spur Congress to take meaningful action to regulate cigarettes the most dangerous consumer product in America," Sen. Edward Kennedy, a Massachusetts Democrat, said in a statement.
A 2005 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that second-hand smoke caused the death each year in the United States of 3,000 people from lung cancer, 46,000 from heart disease and 430 newborns from sudden infant death syndrome.
"Smoking by parents causes respiratory symptoms and slows lung growth in their children," the report added. "The scientific evidence indicates that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke."
"Nonsmokers need protection through the restriction of smoking in public places and workplaces and by a voluntary adherence to policies at home, particularly to eliminate exposures of children," Carmona said.
CALL FOR STRONG LAWS
Anti-smoking groups were delighted. "Elected leaders must continue to move toward a 100 percent smoke-free nation and do their part to help reduce death and disability from cardiovascular disease," said M. Cass Wheeler, CEO of the American Heart Association.
States, cities and other local authorities have battled efforts to ban smoking.
Some industries, especially bars and restaurants, have complained they will lose business despite the findings of health associations that broad bans have done no harm in Massachusetts and California.
The report said the tobacco industry had sought to cover up scientific findings on environmental tobacco smoke with biased research and other means.
But the tobacco industry remained steadfast in its commitment to personal choice and responsibility.
Reynolds American Inc.'s R.J. Reynolds Tobacco unit said in a statement on its Web site: "It seems unlikely that second-hand smoke presents any significant harm to otherwise healthy nonsmoking adults; and, given the extensive smoking bans and restrictions that have already been enacted, nonsmokers can easily avoid exposure to second-hand smoke."
Altria Group Inc.'s Philip Morris USA unit said people could choose whether to be around smokers.
Carmona, appointed by President George W. Bush, began a 4-year term as surgeon general in August 2002.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

New Hampshire Becomes 5th State to Pass Fire-Safe Cigarette Law

2006-06-09T09:48:00.000-07:00

Parts excerpted from the Associated Press, 5/31/06
CONCORD, N.H. (AP) -- New Hampshire is joining four other states in requiring that all cigarettes sold be self-extinguishing or "fire safe." If left unsmoked, a fire-safe cigarette will go out instead of continuing to burn. The National Fire Protection Association estimates that 700 to 800 people are killed annually in the United States by fires started by unattended cigarettes.

"The technology exists to make our citizens safer, and with this legislation we are taking advantage of that technology to help protect them," Gov. John Lynch said before signing the law Wednesday.

New York was the first state to require the cigarettes in 2004. California, Vermont and Illinois also have enacted similar laws. Vermont's law took effect this year. California's law takes effect next year and Illinois' law in 2008. New Hampshire's law will take effect on Oct. 1, 2007.

Cigarette manufacturers argue there should be a single, nationwide standard for fire-safe cigarettes rather than various state regulations, but Congress has not passed legislation. The New Hampshire law would automatically be repealed if federal standards are enacted.

Retailers violating the law face civil fines of up to $1,000 per sale depending on the number of cigarettes sold.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Howard County (MD) Goes Smokefree

2006-06-06T15:41:00.000-07:00

Howard County (MD) Goes Smokefree

Parts excerpted from the Washington Post, 6/6/06

The Howard County Council voted late yesterday to eliminate tobacco smoke in restaurants and bars, a measure that would make the county part of a five-jurisdiction smoke-free zone stretching from the White House almost to Baltimore.

The measure was praised by health advocates as a bellwether of increasing support for a statewide ban when the General Assembly reconvenes next year. "I think this definitely increases momentum for a statewide law," said Kari Appler, executive director of the Smoke Free Maryland Coalition. "I think we are at a tipping point now towards making the entire state smoke-free."

Three Maryland counties -- Montgomery, Prince George's and Talbot -- already require clean air in eating and drinking establishments. A fourth, Charles County, has outlawed smoking in restaurants. Washington DC also prohibits smoking in restaurants; smokefree bars will take effect in January.

The measure caps more than a decade of protracted and politically charged efforts to restrict smoking in Howard, which since 1996 has banned it in restaurants and bars unless they created separately ventilated smoking areas.

"I think we're all very pleased that once again Howard County will be a leader in public health," said council member Ken Ulman (D-West Columbia), who voted with Ball and Guy Guzzone (D-Southeast County) to support the measure. "We'll be able to move forward and protect our citizens and our employees from an unhealthy workplace environment."

Opponents of the smoking ban, which also prohibits smoking within 15 feet of the restaurant and bar entrances, said the measure was unnecessary because 83 percent of the county's eating and drinking establishments already prohibit smoking.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Sante Fe (NM) Votes 7-0 to Go Smokefree

2006-06-02T09:20:00.000-07:00

Sante Fe (NM) Votes 7-0 to Go Smokefree
Law to take effect in 30 days

Parts excerpted from the New Mexican, 6/1/06

On Wednesday, the Santa Fe City Council voted 7-0 in favor of comprehensive smokefree workplace legislation. Sante Fe, the capital of New Mexico, will require most workplaces, including bars, restaurants, and the outdoor-dining areas of restaurants to be smokefree.

"Yahoo," City Councilor Patti Bushee, the bill's primary sponsor, said following the vote. For years, the councilor said, she has received a steady stream of messages from entertainers and hospitality workers complaining about secondhand smoke in bars and restaurants.

Working with a health group called the Santa Fe Tobacco Free Coalition, Bushee promoted the bill as a matter of worker's rights. The three-term councilor said she was amazed no one spoke in opposition of the bill Wednesday. "Let's all go out and dance in a smoke-free environment," she said.

Santa Fe joins Edgewood, Roswell and Doña Ana County as municipalities in New Mexico that require clean indoor air at most workplaces, including bars and restaurants. Albuquerque has smokefree restaurants but makes an exception for stand-alone bars.

Sante Fe's legislation also requires buildings be smokefree within 25 feet of their entrances.

Prior to the vote, a stream of about two dozen teens, advocates and medical professionals voiced their support for the proposal. They set the room awash in statistics and studies. Some also gave heart-rending accounts of their own battles with tobacco smoking.

Fifty-two-year-old Cindi Quirk told the council how smoking led to throat cancer that nearly killed her in 2002. She held the mask doctors would place over her face and bolt to a table while she received daily radiation treatments for two months. The mask is a reminder of the pain she endured.

"I thought I lost my soul," she told a reporter. She said she is encouraged by the council's willingness to adopt the law. She said she is also encouraged that a greater awareness over the dangers of smoking has developed since her youth.

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Big Tobacco behind deceptive ballot initiative

2006-06-01T13:00:00.000-07:00

Big Tobacco behind deceptive ballot initiative
Two initiatives: One strong, one weak
Excerpted from Smoke-Free Arizona, 5/31/2006
Tobacco giant RJ Reynolds is lying to Arizonans – again. This time RJR is bankrolling a deceptive initiative that falsely claims to protect people from the dangers of secondhand smoke.

On Friday, the North Carolina-based cigarette manufacturer contributed $10,000 to a last-minute attempt to place the Arizona Non-Smoker Protection Act on the November ballot. RJR’s plan is to use their deceptively titled initiative to confuse voters and defeat the true public health measure, Smoke-Free Arizona, which will also be on the November ballot.

This isn’t the first time Big Tobacco has used these deceptive tactics to head off smoking bans. In Ohio, right now, RJR is pursuing a similar strategy in the face of a strong statewide smoke-free law likely to appear on this Novembers’ ballot. In California, they called their initiative “Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions.” California voters caught on to their attempts to misrepresent the facts and defeated their sleazy measure. In Florida, they chose the misleading name “The Committee for Responsible Solutions,” and gave up only after being publicly criticized for their deception and fraud.

These blatantly deceptive names do not describe what the initiatives would actually do: roll back existing smokefree regulations, allow smoking in workplaces and prevent local governments from passing future protections against secondhand smoke. Big tobacco-funded initiatives pretend to protect people, but in reality they are nothing more than a smokescreen to confuse the voter.

The tobacco industry is playing a dangerous game and putting the health of all Arizonans at risk by attempting to confuse voters about the Smoke-Free Arizona initiative.

The American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, American Lung Association, Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association and the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids strongly oppose RJR’s attempt to mislead Arizonans and sidetrack our effort to make Arizona a healthier place to live.

But we do not underestimate the power of Big Tobacco’s millions to confuse and distract voters. The Smoke-Free Arizona coalition will use our decades of experience promoting positive health policies in Arizona to defeat this measure.

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Illinois Becomes 4th State to Pass Fire-Safe Cigarette Law

2006-05-27T22:41:00.000-07:00

Illinois Becomes 4th State to Pass Fire-Safe Cigarette Law
Cigarette-ignited fires are nation's leading cause of fire death

Parts excerpted from the Northwest Herald, 5/19/06

SPRINGFIELD, (AP) — Cigarettes sold in Illinois beginning in 2008 will have to be designed to go out when not being smoked under a new law signed Friday. The measure is aimed at reducing fires. Cigarette-ignited fires are the nation's leading cause of fire deaths, killing between 700 and 900 people each year, according to the National Fire Protection Association.

Self-extinguishing cigarettes are wrapped in special paper that contain fire-retardant bands that snuff out the cigarette when left unpuffed. Illinois joins New York, California, Vermont and Canada in mandating fire-safe cigarettes.

"Cigarettes that self-extinguish will help keep families all across the state safe from the kind of accidents that destroy homes and lives," Gov. Rod Blagojevich said in a statement announcing he had signed the legislation.

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. says the cigarettes could cause people to be more careless while smoking because they are led to believe the cigarettes are safe. The company says self-extinguishing cigarettes don't "reduce the likelihood of ignition" when dropped on upholstery or fabrics, according to its Web site. Consumer education is more effective in reducing fires, the company says.

However, a Harvard School of Public Health study found that self-extinguishing cigarettes sold in New York, while not perfect, were much more likely to go out than keep burning and perhaps cause a fire. Researchers concluded all states should require fire-safe cigarettes "to prevent needless death and suffering."

Under the new Illinois law, retailers who sell cigarettes that don't self-extinguish could face civil penalties. Fines collected would help pay for fire safety and prevention programs.

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Testimonials 052406

2006-05-24T10:49:00.000-07:00

Hey Mark:

It seemed as if every time I came close to being able to quit smoking something drastic would come up and I would think, "Well, not right now". Two months ago it was 'that time' again. My wife was nagging me and my kids were discussed with my smoking so I said, "Ok, I'll do it". Then, the company notified my department of a 10% cut back in personnel within two weeks and I panicked. My wife and children said it was no excuse and bullied me into calling and making the appointment and guess what? Two things. One, I quit and haven't had a smoke since, thank God and two, my job is more secure than ever. So, to anyone who reads this letter if you print it -- NO EXCUSES, Just do it! You made a believer out of me.

Thanks,

Bill Wilcoxen

------------------------------------

Dear Sir:

You told me I could quit smoking forever. You told me hypnosis was the answer. You told me because I was ready, I could do it in one day. You told me I would be a proud, thankful non smoker. You were right.

'Nuf said,

Henry

---------------------------------

Hey, Mark, do you remember me? I'm Natasha and we talked in December. I finally decided to quit smoking and gave myself the gift of hypnotherapy for Christmas. Well, it's my five month anniversary and I'm celebrating with a fancy dinner out for my whole family on the money I've saved by quitting cigarettes. I get to have some cake too because I am remarkably in control of my eating. I'm so glad because it was a real worry for me about getting fat. I'm not fat, just a happy non smoker who wanted to say thank you.

Love,

Natasha

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Waitress with secondhand lung cancer led smokefree Canada

2006-05-23T09:45:00.000-07:00

Heath Crowe, 61, Dead from Lung Cancer
Waitress with secondhand lung cancer led smokefree Canada

Parts excerpted from the Ottawa Citizen, 5/22/06

You probably never met Heather Crowe, but you probably saw her on TV if you live in Canada.

She was the woman looking sadly into the camera on a Health Canada ad. "My doctor told me I had a smoker's tumour - and therefore I'm dying,- she says, explaining that she'd been a waitress for 40 years. "And I never smoked .... But the air was blue where I worked."

And then she closes her eyes and you hear the kicker voiceover: "And I'm dying of lung cancer from secondhand smoke."

Yesterday, Heather Crowe died of that cancer at the Elizabeth Bruyere Health Centre. She was 61. In a sense, she went gently into the night, because Heather Crowe was a gentle woman. But in another sense, she was kicking, purposefully, to the end. In recent months, her cancer had spread to many parts of her body, including her brain.

On February 24, days after admission to palliative care, she made a final plea to journalists for a nationwide ban on cigarette smoking in public places. She had often said she wanted to be the last Canadian to die of secondhand smoke.

In that valedictory press conference, she acknowledged that that unobtainable goal had not been achieved.

People with lungs damaged from years of exposure to tobacco will continue to die for some time. "But at least I will have made a difference," Ms. Crowe said. With one voice, those closest to the issue affirm her words.

"What Heather did was allow us to put a face on the hundreds of Canadians who die every year from exposure to secondhand smoke," Dawn Hachey, the former acting director general of Health Canada's tobacco control program, said recently.

"She made a connection with people that made a real difference. To me, and I'm choosing my words carefully, she was not just a wonderful person - but really a hero."

Neil Collishaw, a spokesman for Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, said Heather Crowe had the respect of everyone who worked in the antismoking movement in Canada. "She had the honesty and simplicity to speak directly from her own heart to other people's hearts. Those qualities, and the selflessness she showed in desperate circumstances, are what made her so effective an advocate."

Ms. Crowe spent much of her final four years speaking to premiers, ministers of health, provincial legislatures, mayors, city councils, community groups, students, reporters, and ordinary people.

At the outset, not a single jurisdiction had what Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada considered a desirable policy on public smoking. Now, most have one, or soon will. "And perhaps in a strict sense, this wasn't just one person's achievement," Mr. Collishaw said. "But Heather's role was huge.

"As a person devastated by second-hand tobacco, she could put the message across without anyone's eyes glazing over."

Heather Crowe first came to notice in October 2002 when the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board granted her workman's compensation for the lung tumour that physicians had diagnosed earlier that year.

Across Canada, only one or two such previous decisions had been made, none of them involving a hospitality industry worker.

This groundbreaking decision was logical. Her tumour was non-small cell lung cancer, the most common found in smokers. And she had never smoked herself nor lived with a smoker. Her only significant exposure had been in the workplace.

In some ways, it almost seemed like the universe was maneuvering to make her the public face of the anti-smoking movement. In the first place, having never smoked, she would not be blamed for her predicament.

Beyond that, two coincidences sent her on her way.

The day after her first biopsy, back in 2002, she went to work at the Newport Restaurant on Richmond Road. As she was serving a regular customer, a man who worked in the government, he asked her if she were alright, and her story popped out. This bureaucrat was an assistant deputy minister for Health Canada, and the point man in the government's antismoking programs. On the spot, he asked her if she would appear in a television ad, and she quickly agreed.

Another night, when she was still searching for medical studies to support her compensation claim, she saw a woman on television who was obviously affiliated with the antismoking forces. She learned this was Cynthia Callard, the executive director of the Physicians For a Smoke-Free Canada - and on a Sunday night she phoned the association, expecting only to leave a telephone message. As chance had it, she found Ms. Collard at work and eager to talk. From that conversation, Ms. Crowe learned that many studies showed a link between second-hand smoke and lung cancer.

"I showed those studies to my lawyer, and that's how it all started," she once said. Her claim, when it was sent into the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, was buttrussed by letters from Mayor Bob Chiarelli and former mayor Elizabeth Holtzman, both customers in the Newport, and by Medical Officer of Health Robert Cushman and councilor Alex Munter.

Ms. Holtzman felt the case was reasonable. One often left restaurants smelling of smoke, she told The Citizen. And for Ms. Crowe herself, she felt particular sympathy: "It didn't matter if you were mayor or just a person walking in off the street - Heather Crowe welcomed you and made you feel at home."

Mr. Munter came to know her during the public debates on the city's antismoking bylaw. Then chair of city council's community services committee, he went to many meetings with her. "And I always felt her quiet dignity and resolve was the best way of countering the loudmouth yelling that was going on.

"I could cite statistics on second-hand smoking and lung cancer, but Heather made those stats into a real human story.

"Before she stepped in, the debate revolved around patrons - the patrons who didn't want smoke in the air against the patrons who wanted to smoke. By bringing the focus onto the hospitality workers, Heather changed the dynamics of the issue forever.

"Her intervention, I think, was the pivotal moment in consolidating support for the bylaw."

The remarkable thing was how effective she could be in addressing audiences far from the city she lived in. Accompanied often by Mr. Collishaw of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, she spoke to politicians across the country. She went to every province except Prince Edward Island, and to every territory except Yukon. Often exhausted by her radiation treatments and by chemotherapy, she nonetheless found energy to make her direct and human case. In March 2003, on one of her first trips, she and Mr. Collishaw went to Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut.

Ms. Crowe, quite ill from her treatments, was particularly frail at this point. In the legislative assembly, she addressed the MLAs and the Circle of Elders. As she spoke, there was simultaneous translation into Inuktitut, for those whose English was shaky. When she finished, one of the elders addressed the assembly in Inuktitut.

"I believe this white woman," the elder said. "I believe she speaks the truth. And I believe we should show a good example to our children and not smoke in front of them, and teach them not to smoke."

This was a powerful statement, Mr. Collishaw said, because three-quarters of the adult population in Nunavut smoke. Obviously, no one recognized that Ms. Crowe, raised by a Mikmaq mother, was herself native.

"So Heather told them - told them that she was raised in the way of the Mikmaq, that she considered herself an elder, and that it was very important that we teach our children in every way we can.

"And when Heather finished, you could hear a pin drop in that room."

After their visit, the legislature, which had virtually no smoking policy, brought in one of the toughest antismoking laws in the country. In her own way, Heather Crowe could be funny. A consignment to relatively early death is no springboard to comedy, but she could make light even of the urn that will hold her ashes.

"I was standing there holding my new urn and thought to myself, this is Freedom 55 for an unprotected worker," she told audiences. Ashes seemed to get her going. She once said, "I'm looking forward to seeing a 'No Smoking' sign in the crematorium as they push me in, so that I know it's a safe place for their workers."

But she was essentially a serious person, allergic to dramatics, her gaze direct, and her voice clear but not especially modulated, a speaking style she said came from her mother. You would listen to this human being, because she was sincere and had no personal agenda.

"I've been in this business for 17 years and after a while you develop a thick skin," said Les Hagen, director of the Alberta chapter of Action on Smoking and Health. "But when someone leaves a death bed to champion a cause when it would be far easier to fade away in silence - well, I recognize the commitment. We all did."

In January 2003, provincial labour ministers from across the country were meeting in Banff. Ms. Crowe wrote to ask if she could have time on the agenda to address them about tobacco risks in the workplace, but was refused.

"Well, Heather showed up anyway," Mr. Hagen said, laughing. "And she got into their meeting - in fact, they invited her for lunch."

Ms. Crowe also had meetings with municipal officials in Banff, who shortly after decided to ban smoking in all workplaces and public establishments. Alberta eventually brought in antismoking legislation, but it was weak, only forbidding smoking where children are present, a narrow factor that caused some fear that children might be banned from doughnut shops.

Apart from her manner, which won immediate confidence, Ms. Crowe, in Mr. Hagen's view, could reach people because her personal situation was so universal. "If Heather had been an actress, the whole thing would have been different. But she was a single mother, a grandmother, a woman who worked incredibly hard, a very humble person - someone we all know, someone every Canadian can relate to.

"What was extraordinary was not who she was, but what she did."

Heather Crowe was born on April 23, 1945 in Yarmouth, N.S. She was the third oldest of seven children. Her Mikmaq mother, a homemaker, had married a white man because she didn't want to lose her children to the residential schools.

Her father was a carpenter by trade, but also worked as a stevedore and heavy equipment operator. Both parents were highly principled; her mother stressed kindness and truth to oneself, and her father was a proponent of hard work and doing things well.

With so many children and only one income, money was tight. In particular, there was never any money for alcohol or tobacco. When she was 17, she moved to Toronto and quickly found work as a waitress at Fran's Restaurant at Yonge and Eglinton. She had only finished Grade Nine and was surprised at how easy it was to earn good money waiting tables.

"All you had to do was give me a clientele, and I could write my own paycheque," she told The Citizen. "I always conveyed good service and respect - and I never thought directly of money. I only wanted to finish a shift with more money than I had when I came in."

She was married to a man in Toronto, but divorced him when she turned 27. It was a relationship that she did not wish to discuss. However, it did give her a daughter, Patricia, and a granddaughter, Jodi-Ann. In 1972, she moved with her then four-year-old daughter to Ottawa to live with a sister.

A few years later, she bought a house in the Glebe. She found work easy to find. At various times, she waited at the Holiday Inn on Kent Street, the old Carleton Towers at O'Connor and Albert, the Gausthause Zum Dorfkrug and Chuck and Harold's, on Innes Road, and finally the Newport on Richmond Road.

In the late 1980s, facing some expensive home renovations, she worked at three restaurants, on three shifts, at once, starting at 6 a.m. and working through almost to midnight. "These were all smoking places," she said. "The air in everyone of them was always blue."

Her favorite place was the Newport Restaurant. Owner Moe Atallah was a dream to work for, she said. "I never had a boss like him. If they walk on me, nearly everyone eventually sees my porcupine side, but not Moe. There was only respect from him."

Despite the extraordinary workload, her health was so good that she almost never missed work. And then four years ago, she found a few lumps on her neck and on a collarbone. She suspected a simple infection, but her doctor, assuming something worse, sent her for a chest X-ray. The next day, the doctor called with the diagnosis.

"It was like having a mirror shatter into a million pieces. You see the shards on the floor, but you can't put them back together. It changes your life forever."

What amazed people was the value that Heather Crowe got out of the four years that remained to her - the trips made, often in a state of exhaustion; the speeches given; the people, many ill, whom she encountered along the way.

She received a number of awards. Among them were an award from the World Health Organization for public service, an award that only six people in the Western Hemisphere receive each year, and a Meritorious Service Decoration from former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson for activities that brought honour to the community. In a recent interview, Ms. Crowe expressed appreciation for these honours, but refused to discuss them at length.

"The only thing that's important is that the right legislation comes in to protect people who might get sick the same way I did.

"You wouldn't put your dog in the garage, turn the car on, and walk away. And neither should governments allow people to work in what pretty much amounts to gas chambers.

"It's too late for me, but it's the next generation I've been doing this for. That's why I've been pounding on the drum."

Looking at all the legislation of the last four years, it looks like Heather Crowe's pounding was wonderfully effective. Of course, long before she became well-known, this quiet woman had a way of touching people.

A few weeks ago, at the Newport Restaurant, Moe Atallah spoke fervently of his memories of Ms. Crowe, as he anticipated the prospect of not seeing her again. "We are still waiting for Heather, I think," Mr. Atallah.

"It's something you naturally expect - she will be back. "And when you realize she won't be, you still feel grateful. "With every drop of my blood, I believe it was grace that brought her to us

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Testimonials.....Testimonials.....

2006-05-18T12:12:00.000-07:00

Hi Mark:

Do you remember me -- Rebecca Wellington? I called you and told you I was so afraid that if I quit smoking I'd gain back the forty-five pounds it had taken me two and a half years to lose. You told me that you thought the hypnothearapist would be able to help me quit and still maintain my weight. I was a skeptic but I tried it anyway. Well, it's been almost a year now and my weight hasn't fluctuated by more than four pounds since I quit smoking!

I call that a real success story. Just thought you might want to know.

Big smile, yours, Rebecca

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Hey there:

I tried hypnosis to quit smoking and it didn't help me at all. It didn't last an hour.

I was telling this to a friend at work and he asked me who I had gone to. When I told him it was some guy at a party he just laughed and told me about your website. He said that a professional makes all the difference so I looked you up. You suggested two pros in my area and the one I chose turned me into a non smoker in one session. I can't believe it yet!

You might tell any skeptics out there that this is not party fun, it's good, sound professional treatment by educated experts. I've been a hardcore smoker for nineteen years and now I'm a believer.

Thanks,

"Six months" Sammy

Why didn't somebody tell me before?????? I've been trying, very hard, for four years to quit smoking and nobody ever suggested hypnotherapy to me. One day after my appointment I was a non smoker. I want to tell the whole world! It's been almost four months now and I am still delighted. More so all the time as my health improves, my stamina increases and my piggybank gets full!

Thank you again, Helena

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Dear Mr.. Mark:

I want to thank you for the money. What I use to spend selfishly on myself buying cigarettes I now spend on my daughter. Her clothes are just as pretty as the other girls in her class now and she loves taking ballet classes. I feel like I'm being a better Mother and I sure feel healthier.

Your help in getting me to the hypnotist sure made a big difference in my life.

Gratefully, Rita Coons

------------------------------------

Sometimes you print letters from your clients in your newsletter. Please print ours. What we have to share may help other people as it helped my Dad. I know you say that people have to stop smoking for themselves but Dad just couldn't do it. My family had a kind of intervention meeting with him; his children, grandchildren and Mom. Mom explained how his smoking made the house smell awful all the time, we children talked about his health in general and his grandson, who sleeps in the next room, told Grandpa how his coughing kept him awake at night.

We suggested he give hypnotherapy a try and he did! Today is his six month anniversary and we just wanted you to know!

We did it! You helped! The Branson Family
5-15-‘06

Dear Mark:

Everything you said is true! I am amazed and delighted to find that those awful, constant cravings have gone. I do think about cigarettes every day but with good thoughts such as “Boy, am I glad I don’t smoke anymore!” when I see other people lighting up. Whew! I never thought I’d get there and to think it was so easy! No pain, all gain.

Thank you, thank you.

Gloria Modesto

May 15, 2006

Hey Mark, NO CIGARETTES!

It’s been sixteen days! Because the Hypnotist discussed it with me I don’t feel the need to snack like I thought I would. That is a relief as gaining weight was a fear with me.

One thing I never even thought about is my energy level. I do more than I usually do each day and have energy left over. I can’t believe all the time I’ve been wasting just smoking cigarettes. I look at the people standing in the parking lot at work smoking and I think, “They wouldn’t be just standing there if it wasn’t for their smoking habit.”

I couldn’t be happier and my kids are so proud of me. I’m saving the cost of one and a half packs of cigarettes every day in a jar and I told them when it is full I’ll take them to Disney World on the tobacco company.

I’m telling every smoker I know that if I can do it anyone can. It’s the smartest thing I’ve ever done.

Thanks again, Mark,

Henrietta Sprinter

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Restaurant Workers Demand Clean Air

2006-04-22T08:43:00.000-07:00

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Concord (NH), 3/21/06 -– New Hampshire moved a step closer today to eliminating cigarette smoke in all restaurants and bars. The House approved a statewide smokefree workplace law, 189-156. It now heads to the Senate.

A group of restaurant workers and owners yesterday called on the New Hampshire House to pass the bill. At a press conference, Gardner Berry of the band Momma Kicks said he’s worked in bars as a musician for 40 years and still has trouble dealing with what he called, “the telltale air of bar stink” after work.

“Your freedom ends where my nose begins,” he said. Singers and other musicians have to breath deeply while performing to project, and inhale more smoke than the average bar goer, he said.

Tim Scanlon of the Sunset Grill in Campton said HB 1177 is a matter of health, not freedom. “Every other industry protects its workers from second-hand smoke,” he said. Kristen Cote, who works at the Red Blazer in Concord, agreed, asking, “Why should people be able to smoke at my job and put me in danger of developing cancer or heart disease?”

Priscilla Giles, secretary treasurer of the local American Federation of Musicians, said her members cannot simply change jobs. She said no other workers are expected to make those kinds of choices. “You shouldn’t expect someone to find a new job because they don’t want to breathe a hazardous substance,” she said.

“This is a health issue,” said Hampton Rep. Sheila Francouer. “I believe in New Hampshire's ‘Live Free or Die’ motto as much as anyone in this room, but I ask if any one of you have seen someone die of lung cancer.”

Manchester Rep. Hector Velez talked about his job as a health care worker and having to enter smoke-filled restaurants as part of his work. “I am affected by that smoke,” he said.

A recent poll by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center showed that 79 percent of those contacted support the ban. The group Clean Air Works for New Hampshire is the lead advocate for the bill with support the American Heart Association, American Lung Association, the American Cancer Society, and the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. The Greater Manchester Chamber of Commerce also supports the ban, having found after finding that 80 percent of its members support the ban.

California, Delaware, New York, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Montana, Vermont, Washington, New Jersey, Utah, Colorado, Puerto Rico, and Washington DC have passed comprehensive smokefree workplace legislation for workers, including restaurant and bar workers.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

More than 600 additives can legally be added to tobacco products

2006-04-19T13:28:00.000-07:00

www.iwanttoquitsmoking.com

The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Excerpts from Cigarettes: a complex cocktail of chemicals
BBC News [02/17/99]

Cigarettes are not just made of tar, tobacco and nicotine.

More than 600 additives can legally be added to tobacco products.

These include coffee extract, sugar, vanilla, cocoa, menthol, oil from clove stems, caramel and chorophyll, the compound that gives plants their green colour.

Many appear to be present simply to add flavour. But they may also have more sinister effects. For example, cocoa when burned in a cigarette produces bromide gas that dilates the airways of the lung, and increases the body's ability to absorb nicotine.

Menthol is also suspected of enabling the smoker to inhale more easily by numbing the throat.

Researchers claim that other additives have been expertly developed by tobacco companies to manipulate the delivery of nicotine with extreme precision.

Techniques employed by tobacco companies include:

Addition of ammonia compounds, which speed the delivery of nicotine to smokers by raising the alkalinity of tobacco smoke. These compounds also distort the measurement of tar in cigarettes, giving lower readings than would actually be inhaled by the smoker; Addition of chemicals, such as acetaldehyde and pyridine, that act to strengthen nicotine's impact on the brain and central nervous system.

There is also concern about the so-called "burn enhancers" that cause cigarettes to remain ignited and may lead to additional fire hazards.

The genetic engineering of tobacco plants to substantially boost nicotine content.

A coalition of health groups, including the British Heart Foundation and the Royal College of Physicians, wrote to the government last autumn, warning that additives may cause harm by increasing the use of tobacco.

For example, sweeteners such as sugar can also be added to cigarettes, making them more appealing to young people.

The campaigners have been calling on the government to introduce a regulatory framework on additives.

The letter was signed by Action on Smoking and Health.

A spokeswoman said: "The problem with additives is that they are not just about altering the flavour of cigarettes. Research has shown that the key purpose of putting extra additives into cigarettes is to improve their potency and ultimately their addictiveness.

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Tobacco Smoke Flavoring Contains Hazardous Chemicals
Compounds May Pose Additional Health Risk to Smokers

Scientists have new data that toxic flavoring chemicals found in cigarettes are reaching smokers through cigarette smoke and may pose health hazards of their own. The finding is reported in the April issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, published by the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.

The flavoring chemicals, known as alkenylbenzenes, are found in tobacco additives used to enhance the taste of cigarette smoke. Until now, no one knew how much of the compounds entered cigarette smoke, according to lead author David Ashley, Ph.D., at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

The researchers used a new detection method to analyze the cigarette smoke of eight U.S. brands. Previously, no method existed to easily and accurately measure the flavoring compounds in a single cigarette.

Long-term health effects from inhaling alkenylbenzenes directly or by second-hand smoke are unknown in humans, though earlier research associated them with cancer and lung damage in laboratory animals.

The National Academy of Sciences deems flavorings containing alkenylbenzenes safe for human foods. The additives, when eaten by humans, are thought to be safely eliminated by the liver. Cigarette smoke, however, delivers the chemicals to the lungs, where they spread through the body before the liver can screen them.

In the study, smoke from all types of cigarette - filtered, unfiltered and menthol - was tested for flavoring chemicals. Brand names were not released. Varying levels of five alkenylbenzenes were found in each, according to the researchers. In previous CDC research, researchers found one or more flavoring compounds in the tobacco of 42 of the 68 U.S. cigarette brands they examined.

One of the chemicals was found at levels up to four micrograms per gram of tobacco. Higher levels were found in the smoke when ventilation holes in the cigarette's filter were blocked.

In animals, exposure to the chemicals can cause cancer and lung disease. In rodents, for example, animals inhaling one flavoring compound - eugenol - show far more serious adverse health effects than animals eating it, according to previous research.

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THE G.R.A.S.
"Generally Regarded As Safe"
LIST OF ADDITIVES

The following is a list of additives which are approved by the US Government for your smoking consumption.

Many of these additives are also approved for use in foods, where they may or may not be okay. But when they burn in a cigarette, they change: some 4000 gases are produced, 40 of which have been specifically banned for use in chemical weapons under international law. Many of the additives contain sugars, and burning sugars are among the worst offenders. This list was submitted by the major U.S. tobacco companies to the Department of Health and Human Services in 1994.

599 Ingredient List published April 12, 1994

Ingredients Added to Tobacco in the Manufacture of Cigarettes
by the Six Major American Cigarette Companies *

1. ACETANISOLE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, cranberry, guava, grape, mango, peppermint; used in frozen dairy products, hard candies.

2. ACETIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, beer, beef, apple juice, apricot, blue cheese, blueberries; used in condiment relishes.

3. ACETOIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, butter, yogurt, asparagus, black currants, blackberry, wheat, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cantaloupe; used in baked goods.

4. ACETOPHENONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, cheese, apricot, banana, beef, cauliflower; used in chewing gum.

5. 6-ACETOXYDIHYDROTHEASPIRANE - FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, instant coffee/tea, snacks, soups, seasonings, meat products.

6. 2-ACETYL-3-ETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in pork; used in soups.

7. 2-ACETYL-5-METHYLFURAN - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, roasted filbert, tomato juice; used in soups, nut products, snack foods, gravies.

8. ACETYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, coffee, popcorn, sesame seed, almond, wheat bread, cocoa, peanut, pork, potato chips; used in frozen dairy products.

9. 2-ACETYLPYRIDINE - FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, coffee, roasted peanut, potato chips, tea, beer, wheat bread, hazelnut, lamb/mutton, potato; used in breakfast cereals, ice cream, candy.

10. 3-ACETYLPYRIDINE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted filbert, cocoa; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, gelatin and puddings, baked goods.

11. 2-ACETYLTHIAZOLE - FEMA GRAS; found in bean, potatoes, artichoke, asparagus, beef, beer, brazil nuts, rice, boiled shrimp; used in snack foods.

12. ACONITIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in beet root, sugarcane; used in alcoholic beverages, baked goods, chewing gum.

13. d1-ALANINE - FDA approved food additive; natural constituent of protein in plants and animals; found in apple, beef, carob, pea, soybean, wine, zucchini.

14. ALFALFA EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in alfalfa; used in baked goods.

15. ALLSPICE EXTRACT, OLEORESIN, AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in soups, candies, chewing gum, meats.

16. ALLYL HEXANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in baked potato; used in gelatin and puddings.

17. ALLYL IONONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in ice cream, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, jellies.

18. ALMOND BITTER OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, apricot, peach kernel; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

19. AMBERGRIS TINCTURE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy.

20. AMMONIA - Occurs in human/animal breath due to protein metabolism; dissolved in water it is a naturally occurring substance that plays a vital role in protein metabolism in animals, including man.

21. AMMONIUM BICARBONATE - FDA GRAS; used in baked goods.

22. AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE - FDA GRAS; found in cured pork.

23. AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC - FDA GRAS; used in dough, ice cream, gelatin and puddings.

24. AMMONIUM SULFIDE - FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, meat products, gravies, condiments.

25. AMYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, cheese, chicken, coffee, potato, raspberry, strawberry, tomato; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

26. AMYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in bananas, beer, apple juice, apricots, strawberries, wine; used in syrup, candy, chewing gum.

27. AMYL FORMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, strawberry, brandy, honey, tomatoes, whiskey; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, chewing gum.

28. AMYL OCTANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in strawberry, apple, cognac; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

29. alpha-AMYLCINNAMALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in black tea, olibanum; used in candy, baked goods, chewing gum.

30. AMYRIS OIL - FDA approved food additive; found in brandies, liqueurs, amryis balsamifera; used in brandies, liqueurs, oriental specialties.

31. trans-ANETHOLE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cheese, tea, apple, licorice; used in alcoholic beverages.

32. ANGELICA ROOT EXTRACT, OIL AND SEED OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, baked goods, chewing gum.

33. ANISE, ANISE STAR, EXTRACT AND OILS - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in star anise; used in ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, chewing gum, meats, condiments.

34. ANISYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in currant; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

35. ANISYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in honey, tomato; used in gelatin and puddings.

36. ANISYL FORMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in vanilla; used in candy, baked goods.

37. ANISYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in honey; used in baked goods.

38. APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE, EXTRACT, AND SKINS - common food item found in apple; used in juices, baked goods.

39. APRICOT EXTRACT AND JUICE CONCENTRATE - Common food item found in apricot; used in condiments.

40. 1-ARGININE - FDA approved food additive; natural constituent of proteins in plants and animals.

41. ASAFETIDA FLUID EXTRACT AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in condiments, candy, soups, meats.

42. ASCORBIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in citrus fruit, tea leaves; used in baked goods, sweet sauce, soups, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

43. 1-ASPARAGINE MONOHYDRATE - FDA approved food additive; found in proteins, licorice.

44. 1-ASPARTIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in proteins, licorice; used in seasonings.

45. BALSAM PERU AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in Peru balsam; used in baked goods, syrups, candy, chewing gum.

46. BASIL OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in basil; used in baked goods, condiments, meats.

47. BAY LEAF, OIL AND SWEET OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in bay leaves; used in condiments, meat.

48. BEESWAX WHITE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, honey.

49. BEET JUICE CONCENTRATE - Beets are included among "Miscellaneous Vegetables" in FDA Standards of Identity and are also covered by a USDA Standards for Grades.

50. BENZALDEHYDE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, almond, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, beans, beef, beer; used in baked goods, chewing gum.

51. BENZALDEHYDE GLYCERYL ACETAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

52. BENZOIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cinnamon, strawberry, tea, apple, beer, bread, cocoa, honey; used in baked goods, cheese, candy, chewing gum, condiment relish.

53. BENZOIN - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

54. BENZOIN RESIN - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

55. BENZOPHENONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in grape, apples, papaya; used in frozen dairy products.

56. BENZYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef, beer, almonds, apple, apple juice, asparagus, bananas, black currants, blackberries; used in chewing gum, candy, baked goods.

57. BENZYL BENZOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, parsley, black currants, butter, guava, pineapple, papaya; used in ice cream, baked goods, candy.

58. BENZYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, apricot, banana, parmesan cheese, grape, honey, mango, melon, muskmelon, orange juice, papaya; used in candy.

59. BENZYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy.

60. BENZYL PROPIONATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in strawberry; used in candy.

61. BENZYL SALICYLATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cranberry, apple flowers; used in baked goods.

62. BERGAMOT OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges; used in icings, gelatin, alcoholic beverages.

63. BISABOLENE - FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, ginger, hops, guava, mango, ginger; used in baked goods, candy.

64. BLACK CURRANT BUDS ABSOLUTE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

65. BORNEOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, blackberries, brandy, grapes, cocoa; used in baked goods.

66. BORNYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, black currants, gin, ginger, kiwi fruit, pistacia, plum, sweet potato, soy sauce, black and green tea; used in gelatin and puddings, candy, ice cream.

67. BUCHU LEAF OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in ice cream, ices, candy, condiments.

68. 1,3-BUTANEDIOL - FDA approved food additive; used as solvent for natural and synthetic flavors.

69. 2,3-BUTANEDIONE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, bean, beef, butter, artichoke, avocado, black currants, blueberry, blue cheese, grape brandy, wheat, brussels sprouts; used in meat products.

70. 1-BUTANOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, banana, beef, celery, cheese (cheddar and Swiss), peach, potato; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, cream, baked goods.

71. 2-BUTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, banana, cauliflower, celery, chicken, coffee, milk, onion, tomato; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

72. 4(2-BUTENYLIDENE)-3,5,5-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-ONE - found in white-flesh nectarine, starfruit, grapefruit juice.

73. BUTTER, BUTTER ESTERS, AND BUTTER OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in butter; used in frozen dairy products.

74. BUTYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beer, black currant, cashew nuts, cheese, raspberry, apricot, blackberry, brandy, cantaloupe; used in cheeses, baked goods, candy.

75. BUTYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, apricot, blackberry, brandy, parmesan cheese, honey, mango, melon, muskmelon, orange juice, papaya; used in candy.

76. BUTYL BUTYRYL LACTATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, sweet sauces.

77. BUTYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, banana, parmesan cheese, olives, pear, plum, strawberry, wine; used in baked goods.

78. BUTYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in papaya, alfalfa; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

79. BUTYL UNDECYLENATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; no limitation for use in food other than good manufacturing practices.

80. 3-BUTYLIDENEPHTHALIDE - FEMA GRAS; found in celery, celery stalk; used in soups, condiments, meats.

81. BUTYRIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beef, beer, black currants, blueberries, wheat bread, butter, blue cheese; used in snack foods, candy, margarine.

82. CADINENE - FDA approved food additive; found in grapefruit, orange juice, peach, pepper, peppermint, tea; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, meat products.

83. CAFFEINE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, tea, mate, kola nut; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

84. CALCIUM CARBONATE - FDA GRAS; no limitation for use in food other than good manufacturing practices. Used as a dietary supplement; also used in baked goods, chewing gum, beverages.

85. CAMPHENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, cheddar cheese, ginger, apricot, black currants, blackberry, celery, gin, kiwi fruit; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

86. CANANGA OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods.

87. CAPSICUM OLEORESIN - found in pepper; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, condiments, candy, chewing gum, meats.

88. CARAMEL COLOR - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in sugars; used in gravies, meats, condiments.

89. CARAWAY OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in caraway seeds; used in baked goods, condiments.

90. CARBON DIOXIDE - FDA GRAS; used in beverages, meat products, processed fruits, dairy products.

91. CARDAMOM OLEORESIN, EXTRACT, SEED OIL, AND POWDER - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cardamom; used in baked goods, pickles, meats.

92. CAROB BEAN AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in carob beans; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, icings and toppings.

93. beta-CAROTENE - FDA GRAS; found in carrot, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli, used in processed fruit and fruit juices, dairy products.

94. CARROT OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in carrots; used in baked goods.

95. CARVACROL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in pepper, spearmint, tea; used in baked goods, condiments, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

96. 4-CARVOMENTHENOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, celery seed, cocoa powder, grape, grapefruit, orange, tea, wine; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

97. 1-CARVONE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in grapefruit juice, honey, hops oil, orange juice, beer, cherries, endive, guava, hazelnuts; used in candy, condiments, baked goods.

98. beta-CARYOPHYLLENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, artichoke, banana, cashews, apples, celery, chervil, chicken, cocoa; used in chewing gum, ice cream, beverages.

99. beta-CARYOPHYLLENE OXIDE - FDA approved food additive; found in rosemary; used in beverages, ice cream, candy, condiments.

100. CASCARILLA OIL AND BARK EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, condiments.

101. CASSIA BARK OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cassia; used in meat products.

102. CASSIE ABSOLUTE AND OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cassie; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

103. CASTOREUM EXTRACT, TINCTURE AND ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in castor; used in baked goods, condiments, candy, chewing gum.

104. CEDAR LEAF OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cedar tree; used in alcoholic beverages, meats, candy.

105. CEDARWOOD OIL TERPENES AND VIRGINIANA - FDA approved food additive; found in cedarwood, clary sage oil.

106. CEDROL - FDA approved food additive; found in cypress wood, cedar wood; used in alcoholic beverages, meat products.

107. CELERY SEED EXTRACT, SOLID, OIL, AND OLEORESIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in celery seeds, celery; used in baked goods, meats, soups, condiments, pickles.

108. CELLULOSE FIBER - Natural polysaccharide which is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature; found in all plant material; used in grated cheese, fruit preserves/jams, fruit jellies.

109. CHAMOMILE FLOWER OIL AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in chamomile flowers; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods, gelatins and puddings.

110. CHICORY EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in chicory; used in baked goods, non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream.

111. CHOCOLATE - FDA GRAS; common food item.

112. CINNAMALDEHYDE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, brandy, blueberries, cantaloupe, capers, cranberries, gin, guava, melon; used in gravies, candy, ice cream, meat.

113. CINNAMIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, blackberry, capers, cherry, grape, guava, malt, mango, mushroom, passion fruit, strawberry; used in soft candy.

114. CINNAMON LEAF OIL, BARK OIL, AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cinnamon tree; used in baked goods, chewing gum, candy, meats, condiments, pickles.

115. CINNAMYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in guava; used in candy, ice cream, condiments.

116. CINNAMYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, blueberry, cantaloupe, cranberry, guava, melon, raspberry, strawberry, watermelon; used in non-alcoholic beverages.

117. CINNAMYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive, FEMA GRAS; found in storax; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

118. CINNAMYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in chestnut flowers; used in candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

119. CINNAMYL PROPIONATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in hard candy.

120. CITRAL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in grapefruit juice, orange, orange juice, celery, apricot, black currants, grape, hops, kiwi fruit, mango, mango ginger, melon, plum, raspberry, rum; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

121. CITRIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; widely found in fruits and vegetables; used in fruit juices, meats, poultry, beverages.

122. CITRONELLA OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in citronella; used in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods.

123. d1-CITRONELLOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, beer, black currants, blackberry, blueberry, orange juice, passion fruit, peach; used in soft candy.

124. CITRONELLYL BUTYRATE - FEMA GRAS; found in passion fruit, tomato; used in baked goods, candy, gelatins, puddings, non-alcoholic beverages.

125. CITRONELLYL ISOBUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in candy, gelatins and puddings, non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods.

126. CIVET ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in civet; used in ice cream, candy, baked goods, chewing gum.

127. CLARY OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in clary sage; used in alcoholic beverages, baked goods, condiments.

128. CLOVER TOPS, RED SOLID EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in clover flowers; used in jam and jelly.

129. COCOA, COCOA SHELLS, EXTRACT, DISTILLATE AND POWDER - FDA GRAS; found in cocoa, cocoa shells; used in baked goods.

130. COCONUT OIL - found in coconut; used in shortening and candies, chocolate.

131. COFFEE - FDA GRAS; found in coffee; used in baked goods, candy, syrups.

132. COGNAC WHITE AND GREEN OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cognac brandy; used in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods.

133. COPAIBA OIL - FDA approved food additive; found in copaiba.

134. CORIANDER EXTRACT AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in coriandar; used in baked goods, meats, condiments.

135. CORN OIL - found in corn; used in baked goods, margarine, salad oils.

136. CORN SILK - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in corn; used in baked goods, beverages, candy, desserts.

137. COSTUS ROOT OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Costus root; used in candy, baked goods.

138. CUBEB OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Piper cubebs; used in condiment relish.

139. CUMINALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, black currants, honey, mango, bonito, grape brandy, pistacia fruit; used in baked goods, chewing gum, frozen dairy products.

140. para-CYMENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, banana, beans, beli, black currants, brandy apple, carrots, celery; used in chewing gum.

141. 1-CYSTEINE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; natural constituent of protein in plants and animals; found in Pippali fruit (India); used in condiment relish; beverages, meats, baked goods, dairy products.

142. DANDELION ROOT SOLID EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in dandelions; used in baked goods.

143. DAVANA OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Artemisia plant; used in alcoholic beverages.

144. 2-trans,4-trans-DECADIENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in chicken, cranberry, peanut, tomato; used in vegetables, baked goods, meat, candy, chewing gum, cereals.

145. delta-DECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef fat, butter, black currants, blackberry, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, chicken, coconut, cranberry, cream; used in baked goods, margarine, candy.

146. gamma-DECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef, butter, beer, blue cheese, grape brandy, plum brandy, wheat bread, cantaloupe, cheese; used in baked goods, frozen dairy products.

147. DECANAL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, apple, apple flowers, apricot, artichoke, avocado, beef, wheat bread; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

148. DECANOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple flowers, banana, beef, beer, blackberries, blue cheese, brandies, wheat bread, butter, heated butter; used in imitation dairy goods.

149. 1-DECANOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, apricot, asparagus, banana, beer, brandy apple, butter; used in frozen dairy goods, ice cream, beverages, candy.

150. 2-DECENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot root, chicken, orange, soybean; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

151. DEHYDROMENTHOFUROLACTONE - FEMA GRAS; used in chewing gum.

152. DIETHYL MALONATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in whiskey, wine, blackberry, grape brandy, strawberry wine.

153. DIETHYL SEBACATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in chewing gum, candy, baked goods.

154. 2,3-DIETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in wheat bread, wheat, hazelnut, baked potato, soy sauce; used in candy, gelatin and puddings.

155. DIHYDRO ANETHOLE - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, dairy products, baked goods.

156. 5,7-DIHYDRO-2-METHYLTHIENO(3,4-D) PYRIMIDINE - FEMA GRAS; used in breakfast cereals, beverages, ice cream, candy, dairy products.

157. DILL SEED OIL AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in dill; used in cheese, meats, sauces, dips, baked goods.

158. meta-DIMETHOXYBENZENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in brandy grape, salami, filberts; used in meat products, beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

159. para-DIMETHOXYBENZENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in tea, hyacinth oil, peppermint oil; used in gelatin pudding, beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

160. 2,6-DIMETHOXYPHENOL - FEMA GRAS; found in maple syrup, rum, smoked sausage, wine; used in seafood, meat, baked goods, candy, soups.

161. DIMETHYL SUCCINATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, hazelnut; used in hard candy, beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

162. 3,4-DIMETHYL-1,2-CYCLOPENTANEDIONE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted coffee; used in nut products, beverages, ice cream, candy.

163. 3,5-DIMETHYL-1,2-CYCLOPENTANEDIONE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted coffee; used in soft candy.

164. 3,7-DIMETHYL-1,3,6-OCTATRIENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, guava, pineapple, tomato; used in frozen dairy goods.

165. 4,5-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXY-2,5-DIHYDROFURAN-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in almond, asparagus, wheat bread, butter, chicken, steamed clam, cocoa, coconut, coffee, corn; used in baked goods, sweet sauce.

166. 6,10-DIMETHYL-5,9-UNDECADIEN-2-ONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, asparagus, beans, beef, beer, cashew nuts, parmesan cheese, chicken; used in baked goods, candy, dairy products.

167. 3,7-DIMETHYL-6-OCTENOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint oil; used in baked goods.

168. 2,4-DIMETHYLACETOPHENONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee; used in baked goods.

169. alpha,para-DIMETHYLBENZYL ALCOHOL - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy.

170. alpha,alpha-DIMETHYLPHENETHYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricots, black currants, custard apple, grapefruit, pineapples, peppermint, nectarines; used in soft candy, baked goods, chewing gum.

171. alpha,alpha-DIMETHYLPHENETHYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in sake; used in frozen dairy goods, beverages, candy, baked goods.

172. 2,3-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, peanut, coffee, potato; used in gravies, beverages, candy, baked goods.

173. 2,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, blackberry, grape brandy, cantaloupe, corn, endive, grapefruit juice; used in breakfast cereal.

174. 2,6-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in citronella, camphor oil; used in milk products, meat, candy.

175. DIMETHYLTETRAHYDROBENZOFURANONE - FEMA GRAS; found in dried bonito, black and green tea, wine; used in chewing gum.

176. delta-DODECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, butter, milk, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, chicken, coconut, lamb/mutton, peach, plum, pork; used in meat products, baked goods, candy.

177. gamma-DODECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef, beer, blackberry, blue cheese, butter, carambola (starfruit), cheddar cheese, chervil, chicken; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

178. para-ETHOXYBENZALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

179. ETHYL 10-UNDECENOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

180. ETHYL 2-METHYLBUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, beer, bilberry, blackberry, brandy apple, brandy grape, cantaloupe, fig, grape, honeydew melon; used in hard candy, beverages, ice cream.

181. ETHYL ACETATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, banana, beans, beef, beer, blue cheese, blueberry; used in chewing gum, beverages, ice cream, candy.

182. ETHYL ACETOACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in passion fruit, sherry, strawberry, wine; used in soft candy.

183. ETHYL ALCOHOL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, bread, coffee, cucumber, potato. As required by BATF regulations, nicotine sulfate is used to denature the alcohol, which is used as a solvent to apply flavors during processing. There is no measurable effect on the nicotine level of the finished cigarette as a result of this process.

184. ETHYL BENZOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, arctic bramble, babaco fruit, banana, beer, beli, bilberry, bilberry wine, black currants, blackberry, brandy apple; used in gelatin pudding, beverages, ice cream, candy.

185. ETHYL BUTYRATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, banana, beer, apricot, beef, blue cheese, brandy; used in chewing gum.

186. ETHYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, blackberry, brandy apple; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

187. ETHYL DECANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, banana, beef, wheat bread, butter, cheddar cheese; used in frozen dairy goods, ice cream, candy.

188. ETHYL FENCHOL - FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, chewing gum, dairy products.

189. ETHYL FUROATE - found in cocoa, almonds, beer, guava, kiwi fruit, papaya, white wine; used in processed meats.

190. ETHYL HEPTANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cashew apple, cocoa, grape, grapefruit juice, hazelnut roasted, hops, milk, olive, papaya mountain, passion fruit, peach; used in chewing gum.

191. ETHYL HEXANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, beer, cheese, beef, black currants, blackberry, brandies, broccoli; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

192. ETHYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, celery, apple, beer, brandy, cantaloupes, cashew apple, parmesan cheese; used in condiments, ice cream, baked goods.

193. ETHYL LACTATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, cocoa, pineapple, apricot, bilberry wine, brandy, butter, capers, chicken, meat, elderberry, elderberry juice, grape, peas, plum; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

194. ETHYL LAURATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, cheddar cheese, apricot, bilberry wine, blackberry, brandy, wheat bread, butter; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

195. ETHYL LEVULINATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in bilberry wine, brandy grape, wheat bread, cherimoya, cocoa, onion roasted, rum, wine; used in frozen dairy goods, beverages, candy, baked goods.

196. ETHYL MALTOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice; used in sweet sauce, soups, meat, candy.

197. ETHYL METHYL PHENYLGLYCIDATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in condiment relish, beverages, candy, ice cream.

198. ETHYL MYRISTATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cheddar cheese, grape wine, Bartlett pear; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

199. ETHYL NONANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, banana, beef, beer, bilberry wine, brandy apple, wheat bread, cocoa, elderberry, grape, nectarine, olive, peach; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

200. ETHYL OCTADECANOATE - FEMA GRAS; found in grapes, beer, brandy, maple syrup; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, alcoholic beverages.

201. ETHYL OCTANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beer, blue cheese, apricot, bilberry wine, blackberry, brandy, wheat bread, broccoli, butter, capers; used in frozen dairy goods.

202. ETHYL OLEATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in melons, grapes, brandy, maple syrup; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, condiments and relishes.

203. ETHYL PALMITATE - FEMA GRAS; found in cheddar cheese, maple syrup, grape wine; used in nut products.

204. ETHYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, crisp bread, honey, beer, beli, bilberry wine, brandy, wheat bread, cantaloupe, chempedak fruit, cocoa, grape, grapefruit juice, guava, licorice, melon; used in gelatin and puddings, syrups, baked goods.

205. ETHYL PROPIONATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, apricot, banana, beer, bilberry, blackberry, brandy, cantaloupe, cheddar cheese, cocoa, fig, grape, guava; used in baked goods, meat products, ice cream.

206. ETHYL SALICYLATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in strawberries, raspberries, wine, blackberry, brandy, mountain papaya, rum; used in baked goods, ice cream, chewing gum.

207. ETHYL trans-2-BUTENOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, cocoa, plum brandy, cantaloupe, cashews, dalieb fruit, grape, guava, kiwi fruit, mango, papaya; used in candy, baked goods.

208. ETHYL VALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, grape, apricot, bilberry wine, black currants, brandy, cashew apples, parmesan cheese, fig, guava, honey, kiwi fruit, melon, muskmelon; used in chewing gum, baked goods, beverages.

209. ETHYL VANILLIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in vanilla beans; used in alcoholic beverages, imitation vanilla extract, breakfast cereals.

210. 2-ETHYL(OR METHYL)-(3,5 AND 6)-METHOXYPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, potato sprouts; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

211. 2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, chewing gum.

212. 3-ETHYL-2-HYDROXY-2-CYCLOPENTEN-1-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, maple syrup, peanuts, pork; used in baked goods, soups, cereals, condiments, milk and dairy products.

213. 2-ETHYL-3,(5 OR 6)-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, coffee, bread; used in baked goods, cereals, candy, dairy products.

214. 5-ETHYL-3-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-2(5H)-FURANONE - FEMA GRAS; nature identical by FEMA; found in beef, beer, wheat bread, cashew nuts, chicken, cocoa, coconut, coffee, crayfish, eggs, hazelnut; used in chewing gum, meat products.

215. 2-ETHYL-3-METHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, whole egg, chicken, heated corn oil, krill, lamb/mutton, boiled shrimp, fermented soy sauce; used in candy, ice cream, beverages.

216. 4-ETHYLBENZALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; found in oranges, carrots, broccoli, tomatoes; used in baked goods, meat products, candy, gelatins and puddings, confectionery/frosting, cereals, dairy products.

217. 4-ETHYLGUAIACOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, cranberry, smoked pork, rum, smoked sausage, tea, wine; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices.

218. para-ETHYLPHENOL - FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, coffee, peanut, tomato, wine; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, meat products.

219. 3-ETHYLPYRIDINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, chicken, coffee, corn oil, almond, barley, beer, wheat bread, cocoa, eggs; used in candy, ice cream, meat, baked goods.

220. EUCALYPTOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in black currants, blueberries, brandy, cantaloupe, cheese, cocoa, grapes, thyme, babaco fruit, bilberry, corn; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

221. FARNESOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges, lemon grass; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings.

222. D-FENCHONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in anise, basil, fennel, peppermint, saffron, thyme; used in ice cream, candy, baked goods.

223. FENNEL SWEET OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in fennel seeds; used in candy, alcoholic beverages, meats.

224. FENUGREEK, EXTRACT, RESIN, AND ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in fenugreek; used in non-alcoholic beverages, gelatin and puddings, syrups.

225. FIG JUICE CONCENTRATE - Common food item; found in figs.

226. FOOD STARCH MODIFIED - FDA approved food additive; widespread; used in cured pork.

227. FURFURYL MERCAPTAN - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, beef, chicken, meat, popcorn; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, icings.

228. 4-(2-FURYL)-3-BUTEN-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, alcoholic beverages.

229. GALBANUM OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in galbanum; used in meat products, baked goods, ice cream.

230. GENET ABSOLUTE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in genet flowers; used in candy, baked goods, chewing gum.

231. GENTIAN ROOT EXTRACT - FEMA GRAS; found in gentian root; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, alcoholic beverages.

232. GERANIOL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, apricot, beer, bilberry, black currants, blackberries; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

233. GERANIUM ROSE OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in geranium leaves and stems; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

234. GERANYL ACETATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, cocoa, black currants, chervil, gin, ginger, grape, grapefruit juice, orange juice, passion fruit, pineapple, plum; used in baked goods, ice cream, syrups.

235. GERANYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, tomatoes, passion fruit; used in gelatins and puddings, ice cream, candy.

236. GERANYL FORMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in hops, black and green tea; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

237. GERANYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, chewing gum.

238. GERANYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Olibanum resin, sativa japonica; used in gelatins and puddings, baked goods, ice cream.

239. GINGER OIL AND OLEORESIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in ginger; used in candy, baked goods, meats.

240. 1-GLUTAMIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; natural constituent of proteins in plants and animals; used in baked goods, meat, soups, milk/dairy products, condiments, pickles, cereal.

241. 1-GLUTAMINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; natural constituent of proteins in plants and animals; used in baked goods, meat products, candy, nut products, seasonings and flavorings.

242. GLYCEROL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, cherry, wine; used in milk products, baked goods, meat products.

243. GLYCYRRHIZIN AMMONIATED - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in licorice; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods, chewing gum, ice cream, ices.

244. GRAPE JUICE CONCENTRATE - common food item; found in grapes.

245. GUAIAC WOOD OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in guaiac wood; used in meat products, ice cream, chewing gum.

246. GUAIACOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, cocoa, coffee, rum, soybean, tea, tomato, whiskey, wine; used in ice cream, ices, baked goods, meat, chewing gum, dairy products.

247. GUAR GUM - FEMA GRAS; found in the seed of the guar plant which is similar to the soybean plant; used in breakfast cereal, dairy products, gravies, processed vegetables, baked goods.

248. 2,4-HEPTADIENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in avocado, beef, black currants, bread, wheat, broccoli, butter, heated butter, cabbage, cauliflower; used in meat products, baked goods, soups, candy.

249. gamma-HEPTALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in mango, passion fruit, peach, black tea, asparagus, butter, hazelnut, lamb/mutton, leek, licorice, nectarine, papaya, pineapple; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

250. HEPTANOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, banana, beef, dried blue cheese, brandy, bread, wheat butter, cheddar cheese; used in baked goods, margarine, ice cream.

251. 2-HEPTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, banana, beer, beef, apricot, asparagus, beans, blue cheese, wheat butter; used in gravies, ice cream, condiments, baked goods.

252. 3-HEPTEN-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in capsicum peppers, hazelnut, hops, muruci; used in gelatin and puddings, ice cream, baked goods.

253. 2-HEPTEN-4-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted filbert; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

254. 4-HEPTENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in butterfat, soybean oil; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, meat, candy, cereal, dairy products.

255. trans-2-HEPTENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, chicken, cranberry, green pea, potato, tomato; used in baked goods, meat, meat sauces, soups, candy.

256. HEPTYL ACETATE - FEMA GRAS; found in apples, grapes, bananas, pears, plums, whiskey; used in baked goods, gelatins and puddings, chewing gum.

257. omega-6-HEXADECENLACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Ambrette seed; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

258. gamma-HEXALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef, butter, apple, asparagus, beer, blackberry, brandy, wheat bread; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

259. HEXANAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, bananas, beef, bilberries, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, barley, beer, blackberry, blueberry, others; used in frozen dairy goods, baked goods, meat.

260. HEXANOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beef, beer, apricot, banana, barley, blackberry, blue cheese, blueberry, bread, wheat; used in condiment relish, ice cream, candy.

261. 2-HEXEN-1-OL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, apricots, bananas, beer, Swiss cheese, peaches, used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings.

262. 3-HEXEN-1-OL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, bean, celery, grape, apricot, cantaloupe, pineapple, honeydew melon; used in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

263. cis-3-HEXEN-1-YL ACETATE - FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, beans, beef, beer, blackberry, blueberry, dried bonito, grape brandy, wheat bread; used in ices, candy, baked goods.

264. 2-HEXENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, raspberry, strawberry, beer, chicken, fat, grape, guava, hops, peach, pork, black and green tea; used in frozen dairy goods, baked goods, candy.

265. 3-HEXENOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in banana, pork fat, raspberry, black tea; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, dairy products, candy, chewing gum.

266. trans-2-HEXENOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in apples, bananas, beer, apple juice, artichoke, beans, beef, blackberry, blueberry; used in beverages, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, frozen desserts.

267. cis-3-HEXENYL FORMATE - FEMA GRAS; found in tea, cognac; used in baked goods, chewing gum, preserves and spreads.

268. HEXYL 2-METHYLBUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, strawberries, apricot, apple brandy, grape, Asian pear, plum, native spearmint; used in gelatins and puddings, candy, ice cream.

269. HEXYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, bananas, beer, apricot, beef, black currants, blackberry, blueberry, brandy, cantaloupe, capers, coffee; used in candy, baked goods, meat products.

270. HEXYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beef, chicken, coffee, pineapple, potato; used in baked goods, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

271. HEXYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in grape, tea, scotch spearmint, black and green tea; used in frozen dairy goods, candy, baked goods.

272. 1-HISTIDINE - FEMA GRAS; found in milk, cheese, grains, meats, poultry, eggs, fish, vegetables, nuts, fruit; used in baked goods, meat products, milk products, confectionery and frosting.

273. HONEY - common food item.

274. HOPS OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in gelatin pudding, chewing gum, baked goods.

275. HYDROLYZED MILK SOLIDS - USDA approved meat flavor; found in milk; used in meats, sauces and stuffings.

276. HYDROLYZED PLANT PROTEINS - FDA GRAS; found in plants; used in baked goods, milk and dairy products, meat products, baby formulas, soups, condiments and relishes.

277. 5-HYDROXY-2,4-DECADIENOIC ACID delta-LACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in peaches, beef; used in chewing gum, cheese, condiments.

278. 4-HYDROXY-2,5-DIMETHYL-3(2H)-FURANONE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, maple syrup, cassia oil; used in frozen dairy goods, baked goods, candy.

279. 2-HYDROXY-3,5,5-TRIMETHYL-2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in rose oil, gardenia; used in frozen dairy goods, candy.

280. 4-HYDROXY-3-PENTENOIC ACID LACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in bread, grapes, soy beans; used in ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, meat, meat sauces, soups, milk and dairy products, cereals.

281. 2-HYDROXY-4-METHYLBENZALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, capers, cranberry, raspberry, sea buckthorn; used in baked goods.

282. 4-HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID LACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in apricots, bread, coffee, cocoa, mushroom, onion, wine; used in dairy products, breakfast cereals, meat products.

283. HYDROXYCITRONELLAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, mushroom, nectarine, peach; used in candy, ice cream, baked goods.

284. 6-HYDROXYDIHYDROTHEASPIRANE - FEMA GRAS; found in black tea; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, gelatin and puddings.

285. 4-(para-HYDROXYPHENYL)-2-BUTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, beef, coffee, grape, guava, hazelnut, pineapple, popcorn, raspberry, soy sauce, strawberry; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

286. HYSSOP OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

287. IMMORTELLE ABSOLUTE AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum, frozen dairy products.

288. alpha-IONONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in raspberry, almond, banana, blackberry, grape brandy, raspberry brandy, capers, carrots, celery, cherry, grapefruit juice, kumazasa, mango ginger, peach, peas, plum; used in chewing gum., ice cream, baked goods

289. beta-IONONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carrot, almonds, apricot, beer, blackberry, brandy, broccoli, capers, cherry, endive; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

290. alpha-IRONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in raspberry; used in baked goods, frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, alcoholic beverages.

291. ISOAMYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beer, apricot, blackberry, blackberry brandy, wheat bread, butter; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

292. ISOAMYL BENZOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, cherries, cocoa, papaya; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

293. ISOAMYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, blue cheese, grape, apple, apricot, beer, apple brandy, grape brandy, guava, honey, mango; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods, chewing gum.

294. ISOAMYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in wine, cinnamon, styrax; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

295. ISOAMYL FORMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, chicken, honey, eggs, rum, strawberries, tea, vinegar, grape brandy, whiskey, wine; used in baked goods, candy.

296. ISOAMYL HEXANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, banana, grapefruit juice, plums, strawberries, beer, grape brandy, plum brandy, rum, sherry; used in candy, chewing gum.

297. ISOAMYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, tomato, beer, sherry, spearmint, scotch; used in frozen dairy goods, candy.

298. ISOAMYL OCTANOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, beer, grape, strawberry; used in baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, alcoholic beverages.

299. ISOAMYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint oil; used in baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

300. ISOBORNYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in kiwi fruit; used in soft candy.

301. ISOBUTYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, bananas, cantaloupe, cocoa, figs, honeydew melon, beer, grape, guava, mango, melon; used in chewing gum, gelatin and puddings.

302. ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, blackberry, apple, apricot, banana, barley, brandy; used in gelatin and puddings, candy, baked goods.

303. ISOBUTYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, tomato, mullein leaves; used in candy, ice cream, baked goods.

304. ISOBUTYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

305. ISOBUTYL SALICYLATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in Feijoa fruit; used in soft candy, baked goods.

306. 2-ISOBUTYL-3-METHOXYPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in bean, coffee, pea, pepper, potato, spinach, grape; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, dairy products.

307. alpha-ISOBUTYLPHENETHYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, gelatin and puddings, baked goods.

308. ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, barley, beans, beef, beer, blue cheese, brandy, bread, wheat, butter; used in gelatin and puddings, candy, frozen dairy products.

309. ISOBUTYRIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beef, beer, celery, banana, blue cheese, grape brandy, wheat bread, cashew apples, cheddar cheese; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

310. d,1-ISOLEUCINE - FEMA GRAS; natural constituent of protein in plants and animals; used in milk products, meat products, condiment relish, soups.

311. alpha-ISOMETHYLIONONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

312. 2-ISOPROPYLPHENOL - FEMA GRAS; found in Japanese whiskey; used in meat, soups, condiments.

313. ISOVALERIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, banana, blue cheese, grape brandy, wheat bread, heated butter, capers, cashew apples, cheddar cheese; used in frozen dairy goods, candy, cheese.

314. JASMINE ABSOLUTE, CONCRETE and OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in jasmine flowers; used in baked goods, chewing gum, candy.

315. KOLA NUT EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in kola nut; used in gelatin pudding, ice cream, candy.

316. LABDANUM ABSOLUTE AND OLEORESIN - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, frozen dairy products, gelatin and puddings.

317. LACTIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, beef, beer, bread, cocoa, coffee, wheat bread, cherry, grape, guava, mango, milk, papaya, dry salami, sherry, tomato; used in cheese, candy, chewing gum, baked goods.

318. LAURIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, blue cheese, banana, beef, blackberry, brandy, wheat bread, butter, heated butter, cantaloupe, cashew nuts; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

319. LAURIC ALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, beef, beer, wheat bread, carrots, celery, cheddar cheese, blackberry, butter, cabbage, caviar, chicken; used in chewing gum, baked goods, candy.

320. LAVANDIN OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in lavender plant; used in baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

321. LAVENDER OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in lavender flowers; used in soft candy, baked goods, gelatin and puddings.

322. LEMON OIL AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in lemons; used in candy, breakfast cereals, frozen dairy products.

323. LEMONGRASS OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in lemongrass; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

324. 1-LEUCINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in proteins; essential amino acid; used in soups, baked goods, breakfast cereals.

325. LEVULINIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in wheat bread, papaya; used in reconstituted vegetables, ice cream, baked goods.

326. LICORICE ROOT, FLUID EXTRACT AND POWDER - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in glycyrrhizia; used in candy, baked goods, meat products.

327. LIME OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in lime; used in frozen dairy goods, candy.

328. LINALOOL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, beer, blackberry, beans, blueberry, apple, apricot, arctice bramble, artichoke, grape brandy, plum brandy; used in meat products.

329. LINALOOL OXIDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges, apricot, coffee; used in ice cream, baked goods, candy.

330. LINALYL ACETATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in bergamot, clary sage, lemon oil, pepper, tomato, lavender; used in baked goods, dairy products, candy.

331. LINDEN FLOWERS - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in linden flowers; used in non-alcoholic beverages.

332. LOVAGE OIL AND EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in levisticum; used in sweet sauce, alcoholic beverages, ice cream.

333. 1-LYSINE - FDA approved food additive; amino acid, natural constituent of plant and animal proteins; used in meat products, breakfast cereals.

334. MACE POWDER, EXTRACT AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in mace; used in alcoholic beverages, candy, frozen dairy products.

335. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE - FDA GRAS; used in flour, baked goods, frozen dairy products.

336. MALIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, cocoa, orange juice, grape brandy, sour cherry, gin, grapefruit juice, honey, hops, kiwi fruit, mango, mushroom; used in frozen dairy goods, candy, baked goods.

337. MALT AND MALT EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; found in barley; used in beer, frozen dairy products, baked goods.

338. MALTODEXTRIN - FDA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, frozen dairy.

339. MALTOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in barley, cocoa, coffee, beef, wheat bread, butter, hazelnut, licorice, malt, milk, peanut; used in frozen dairy goods, jellies, baked goods.

340. MALTYL ISOBUTYRATE - FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, jam and jelly.

341. MANDARIN OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in tangerines, mandarin oranges; used in candy, frozen dairy products.

342. MAPLE SYRUP AND CONCENTRATE - common food item.

343. MATE LEAF, ABSOLUTE, AND OIL - FDA GRAS; found in mate leaves; used in flour, meat, poultry.

344. para-MENTHA-8-THIOL-3-ONE - FEMA GRAS; used in frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, baked goods.

345. MENTHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint plant, honey, mint, rum, cocoa, eggs, guava, raspberry, rice, spearmint; used in candy, mouthwash.

346. MENTHONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in celery, clams, cocoa, peppermint, raspberries, rice, spearmint; used in baked goods, candy.

347. MENTHYL ACETATE - FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint oil, orange juice, raspberries; used in baked goods, frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin and pudding.

348. dl-METHIONINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; natural constituent of protein in plants and animals; used in breakfast cereals, meat products, condiment relish, soups.

349. METHOPRENE - EPA approved pesticide for use on tobacco; allowed by FDA to be used in raisins, prunes, peaches, oat cereals; also approved by EPA for eggs, milk, poultry.

350. 2-METHOXY-4-METHYLPHENOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, sausage, banana, beer, coffee; used in baked goods, meat products.

351. 2-METHOXY-4-VINYLPHENOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in bean, coffee, sherry, whiskey, banana, beer, cocoa, cured ham, malt; used in meat products, ice cream, baked goods.

352. para-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, tea, tomato, beer, krill; used in baked goods, candy, dairy products.

353. 1-(para-METHOXYPHENYL)-1-PENTEN-3-ONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in jasmine, Ylang Ylang; used in soft candy, sweet sauce, baked goods.

354. 4-(para-METHOXYPHENYL)-2-BUTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beer, brandy, grapes, cantaloupe, cranberry, honey, melon, peppermint, plum, raspberry, salami; used in candy, baked goods.

355. 1-(para-METHOXYPHENYL)-2-PROPANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in chervil; used in baked goods, frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin and puddings.

356. METHOXYPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, cocoa; used in meat products, soups, gravies, baked goods.

357. METHYL 2-FUROATE - FEMA GRAS; found in almond, cocoa, coffee, peanut, wine; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

358. METHYL 2-OCTYNOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, frozen dairy products, gelatin and puddings.

359. METHYL 2-PYRROLYL KETONE - FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, cocoa, coffee, onion, peanut; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, meat products.

360. METHYL ANISATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy, baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings.

361. METHYL ANTHRANILATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, grape, tea, wine, coffee, strawberry; used in baked goods, candy, frozen dairy products.

362. METHYL BENZOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, cherry, coffee, brandy, butter, cashew apple; used in chewing gum, ice cream, candy.

363. METHYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in guava, strawberry, cranberry, pineapple, plum; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

364. METHYL DIHYDROJASMONATE - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy.

365. METHYL ESTER OF ROSIN, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED - FDA approved food additive; used in baked goods, candy.

366. METHYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, peach, pineapple, banana, blackberry, parmesan cheese, coffee, honey, nectarine, olives, peas, strawberries; used in candy, baked goods.

367. METHYL LINOLEATE (48%) METHYL LINOLENATE (52%) MIXTURE; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, grape, grapefruit juice, melon, strawberries; used in ice cream, baked goods, candy.

368. METHYL NAPHTHYL KETONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef (heated); used in chewing gum.

369. METHYL NICOTINATE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, nuts, strawberry, beef, beer, guava, hazelnuts, peanut, plum; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

370. METHYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, cocoa; used in candy, syrups, baked goods.

371. METHYL SALICYLATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, broccoli, butter, cherry cake, coffee; used in candy, ice cream, syrups.

372. METHYL SULFIDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, bean, beef, beer, white bread, brussels sprouts, butter, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, broccoli; used in meat products, candy, ice cream.

373. 3-METHYL-1-CYCLOPENTADECANONE - FEMA GRAS; found in grape brandy, lamb/mutton, potato; used in baked goods.

374. 4-METHYL-1-PHENYL-2-PENTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in gelatin pudding.

375. 5-METHYL-2-PHENYL-2-HEXENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in romano cheese, potato chips; used in soft candy.

376. 5-METHYL-2-THIOPHENECARBOXALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, roasted peanut, popcorn, cooked beef; used in baked goods, meats, soups, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum, dairy products, condiments.

377. 6-METHYL-3,5-HEPTADIEN-2-ONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almonds, asparagus, beef, beer, wheat bread, cashew nuts, chicken; used in snack foods.

378. 2-METHYL-3-(para-ISOPROPYLPHENYL) PROPIONALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, beans, beef, beer, wheat bread, chicken, cocoa, coffee, guava, macadamia nut; used in gelatin pudding.

379. 5-METHYL-3-HEXEN-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted filbert; used in baked goods, cereals, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

380. 1-METHYL-3-METHOXY-4-ISOPROPYLBENZENE - FEMA GRAS; found in tangerine peel, thyme; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, meat, candy, condiments.

381. 4-METHYL-3-PENTENE-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in rye bread, coffee, tea, peanut; used in non-alcoholic beverages, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

382. 2-METHYL-4-PHENYLBUTYRALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, candy, gelatin and puddings.

383. 6-METHYL-5-HEPTEN-2-ONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in guava, mango, potato, rum; used in gravies, candy, baked goods.

384. 4-METHYL-5-THIAZOLEETHANOL - FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, malt, peanuts roasted; used in meat products.

385. 4-METHYL-5-VINYLTHIAZOLE - FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, nuts, passion fruit; used in Ice cream, baked goods, meat sauce, candy, chewing gum.

386. METHYL-alpha-IONONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods.

387. METHYL-trans-2-BUTENOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in celery oil, orange juice crystals, coffee, strawberry; used in baked goods, meat products, soups.

388. 4-METHYLACETOPHENONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in hop oil, cocoa powder, black currant; used in chewing gum.

389. para-METHYLANISOLE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cocoa, malt, peanut, pork, potato chips, sesame seeds; used in baked goods.

390. alpha-METHYLBENZYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in grape brandy, rice, tea, tomato, tomato paste; used in chewing gum.

391. alpha-METHYLBENZYL ALCOHOL - FEMA GRAS; found in mushroom, hops, grapes, endive, cranberry; used in baked goods.

392. 2-METHYLBUTYRALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, apple, cheddar cheese, coffee, cranberry, eggs, fish, lettuce, olive, onion, peas, tomato; used in gelatin pudding.

393. 3-METHYLBUTYRALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, bread, tomato, rice, blackberry; used in baked goods.

394. 2-METHYLBUTYRIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, avocado, beef, beer, blackberry, brandy, butter, cantaloupes, carrots; used in cheese, ice cream, candy.

395. alpha-METHYLCINNAMALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, cauliflower, cherry, cocoa, endive, guava, honey, peach; used in candy.

396. METHYLCYCLOPENTENOLONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in carambola (starfruit), cheese, tomato; used in breakfast cereals, baked goods, candy.

397. 2-METHYLHEPTANOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in gardenia flower oil, almonds, cocoa, coffee, soy sauce, onions; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

398. 2-METHYLHEXANOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beef, beer, blackberry, blue cheese, wheat bread, butter; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

399. 3-METHYLPENTANOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, beer, blackberry, blueberry, wheat bread, romano cheese, chicken; used in baked goods.

400. 4-METHYLPENTANOIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, grapes, cocoa, strawberry, tomato; used in condiment relish.

401. 2-METHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint oil, tomato, popcorn; used in milk products, baked goods, candy.

402. 5-METHYLQUINOXALINE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted almonds, coffee; used in frozen dairy, beverages, candy, gelatins.

403. 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee; used in gravies.

404. (METHYLTHIO)METHYLPYRAZINE (MIXTURE OF ISOMERS); FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy.

405. 3-METHYLTHIOPROPIONALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; found in bean, bread, cheese, cocoa bean, roasted nuts, milk, soy sauce, tomato; used in ice cream, ices, baked goods, dairy products, fats/oils.

406. METHYL 3-METHYLTHIOPROPIONATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cantaloupe, pineapple; used in candy, baked goods, beverages, syrups.

407. 2-METHYLVALERIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, barley, wheat bread, cocoa, coffee, hazelnut, licorice, malt, peanut, soy sauce, lamb/mutton; used in frozen dairy products, candy.

408. MIMOSA ABSOLUTE AND EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in mimosa flowers; used in frozen dairy products.

409. MOLASSES EXTRACT AND TINCTURE - FDA GRAS; found in refined sugars; common food item.

410. MOUNTAIN MAPLE SOLID EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in mountain maple tree sap; used in baked goods.

411. MULLEIN FLOWERS - FDA approved food additive; natural flavor.

412. MYRISTALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, cucumber; used in frozen dairy products, beverages, baked goods, gelatin.

413. MYRISTIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beef, beer, blackberry, brandy grape, butter, cantaloupe, cashew nuts, cheese (blue, cheddar); used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods.

414. MYRRH OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in myrrh; used in alcoholic beverages.

415. beta-NAPTHYL ETHYL ETHER - FEMA GRAS; used in soft candy.

416. NEROL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beer, blackberry, blueberry, brandy grape, cranberry, gin, grape, grapefruit juice, honey, hops, wine; used in frozen dairy products.

417. NEROLI BIGARDE OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges; used in baked goods, candy.

418. NEROLIDOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in grapefruit, hops, lime, grapefruit oil; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

419. NONA-2-trans,6-cis-DIENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beef, beer, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, brandy plum; used in frozen dairy goods.

420. 2,6-NONADIEN-1-OL - FDA approved food additive;FEMA GRAS; found in cucumber, frozen pea, whole soybean, tomato; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, gravies.

421. gamma-NONALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, wheat bread, capers, cherry, chicken, clam; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

422. NONANAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, asparagus, beef, blackberry, wheat bread, cantaloupe, cocoa; used in baked goods.

423. NONANOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, artichoke, avocado, banana, beef, beer, wheat bread; used in baked goods, candy, meat products.

424. 2-NONANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in strawberry; used in dairy products, condiments.

425. trans-2-NONEN-1-OL - FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, brandy grape, cucumber, melon, nectarine, plum, prickly pear, wine; used in baked goods.

426. 2-NONENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, carrot, cherry, cucumber, egg, endive, olives, peach, peas, tomato, watermelon; used in meat products.

427. NONYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, cantaloupe, grape, grapefruit juice, honeydew melon, milk, used in frozen dairy products.

428. NUTMEG POWDER AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in nutmeg; used in condiments, baked goods.

429. OAK CHIPS EXTRACT AND OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in oak tree wood chips; used in baked goods.

430. OAK MOSS ABSOLUTE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in essential oil of lichen, oak moss; used in meat products, candy, ice cream.

431. 9,12-OCTADECADIENOIC ACID (48%) AND 9,12,15-OCTADECATRIENOIC ACID (52%); FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in potato, tomato, apple, beer, cheese, country ham; used in preserves, spreads, candy, gelatin and puddings.

432. delta-OCTALACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beef, blackberry, butter, cheese (blue, cheddar, parmesan), cranberry, cream, coconut; used in candy, margarine, baked goods.

433. gamma-OCTALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, asparagus, beef, beer, blackberry, blue cheese, brandy grape, cantaloupe, cherry, chicken, cranberry; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

434. OCTANAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, artichoke, avocado, beef, beer, blackberry, brandy, wheat bread, butter; used in frozen dairy products, beverages, baked goods, candy.

435. OCTANOIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beef, blackberry, plum brandy, wheat butter, beer, blue cheese; used in snack foods, baked goods, candy.

436. 1-OCTANOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apricot, blueberry, cantaloupe, celery, cherry, fish, grape, mushroom, pear, peas, strawberry; used in chewing gum, beverages, ice cream, baked goods, candy.

437. 2-OCTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beef, cheese, coffee, cocoa, milk, peanut, tea, wine; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

438. 3-OCTEN-2-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in roasted filbert, mushroom, dried pea, tea; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods, condiments, candy, dairy products.

439. 1-OCTEN-3-OL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in mushroom, peppermint, spearmint; used in processed vegetables.

440. 1-OCTEN-3-YL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, avocado, beef, wheat bread, cabbage, capers, caviar, butter; used in snack foods.

441. 2-OCTENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, beer, banana, beans, blue cheese, butter, cantaloupe, capers, chicken; used in snack foods, baked goods, dairy products.

442. OCTYL ISOBUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in hops, plum; used in baked goods, beverages, ice cream, candy.

443. OLEIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, grape, ginger, potato, strawberry, tomato; used in condiment relish, citrus fruit, yeast, sugar beets.

444. OLIBANUM OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in gum resin exudate; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

445. OPOPONAX OIL AND GUM - FDA approved food additive; found in opoponax, opoponas; natural flavor; used in alcoholic beverages.

446. ORANGE BLOSSOMS WATER, ABSOLUTE AND LEAF ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

447. ORANGE OIL AND EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in oranges; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, condiments, candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

448. ORIGANUM OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in origanum flowers; used in soups.

449. ORRIS CONCRETE OIL AND ROOT EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in orris roots; used in gelatin pudding, alcoholic beverages.

450. PALMAROSA OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in geranium; used in baked goods.

451. PALMITIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; found in apple, beer, celery, cheddar cheese, milk, potato, tomato; used in meat products, baked goods.

452. PARSLEY SEED OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in parsley; used in soups.

453. PATCHOULI OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in dried leaves of Pogostemon cablin Benth.; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

454. omega-PENTADECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods; ice cream, candy.

455. 2,3-PENTANEDIONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in nuts, beef, beer, bread, chicken, cocoa, coffee, tomato, yogurt; used in baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

456. 2-PENTANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, banana, beef, cheese, chicken, grape, ham, honey, peanut; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

457. 4-PENTENOIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in soft candy, beverages, baked goods, margarine.

458. 2-PENTYLPYRIDINE - FEMA GRAS; found in cooked meat, peppers, hazel nut, roasted peanuts; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

459. PEPPER OIL, BLACK AND WHITE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in pepper corns; used in condiments, ice cream, baked goods.

460. PEPPERMINT OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint; used in chewing gum, meat products, ice cream, baked goods.

461. PERUVIAN (BOIS DE ROSE) OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

462. PETITGRAIN ABSOLUTE, MANDARIN OIL AND TERPENELESS OIL; FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in bitter orange tree, leaves, and twigs, oranges; used in baked goods, condiments, candy.

463. alpha-PHELLANDRENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, gin, hops, mango, nectarine, papaya, paprika, parsley, beans, carrots; used in milk products, baked goods, candy.

464. 2-PHENETHYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, banana, beer, brandy, raspberry, wheat bread, butter, cantaloupe; used in candy, ice cream, baked goods.

465. PHENETHYL ALCOHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple juice, banana, beef, beer, blackberry, blueberry, apple, apricot, asparagus; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

466. PHENETHYL BUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, banana, apple brandy, grape, strawberry, wine; used in baked goods, candy, ice cream.

467. PHENETHYL CINNAMATE - FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

468. PHENETHYL ISOBUTYRATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, brandy, grape, olive, rum; used in chewing gum, baked goods, candy.

469. PHENETHYL ISOVALERATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in peppermint, spearmint, banana, beer, brandy, grape; used in chewing gum, candy, frozen dairy products.

470. PHENETHYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, cheese.

471. PHENETHYL SALICYLATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy, baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings.

472. 1-PHENYL-1-PROPANOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, chicken broth, grape brandy, cocoa, guava, honey, lamb/mutton, mushroom; used in chewing gum, candy, baked goods.

473. 3-PHENYL-1-PROPANOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cinnamon, honey, tea; used in frozen dairy, baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

474. 2-PHENYL-2-BUTENAL - FEMA GRAS; found in beer, chicken, tomato, almonds, asparagus, cocoa, tea, hazelnuts; used in gelatin and puddings, candy, ice cream.

475. 4-PHENYL-3-BUTEN-2-OL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy, baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings.

476. 4-PHENYL-3-BUTEN-2-ONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, grape brandy, grape, guava, licorice, mango, mushroom, papaya, raspberry, strawberry, whiskey, wine; used in baked goods, candy.

477. PHENYLACETALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in chicken, strawberry; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

478. PHENYLACETIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in almond, asparagus, cocoa, coffee, mushroom, peanut, pork, potato chips, sesame seed, tea; used in sweet sauce, baked goods, candy.

479. 1-PHENYLALANINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in meats, eggs, breads, cereals, milk, cheese, fish, corn, beans, potatoes, asparagus, peas; used in frozen dairy, baked goods, candy, condiments, meat products.

480. 3-PHENYLPROPIONALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, chicken, tomato; used in baked goods, candy, condiments.

481. 3-PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, beer, blue cheese, grape brandy, wheat bread, broccoli, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, banana, beans; used in baked goods, candy.

482. 3-PHENYLPROPYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods, candy, chewing gum, condiments.

483. 3-PHENYLPROPYL CINNAMATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in American storax, Peru balsam; used in non-alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

484. 2-(3-PHENYLPROPYL)TETRAHYDROFURAN - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, chewing gum.

485. PHOSPHORIC ACID - FEMA GRAS; component of living organisms; used in cheese, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, meat products.

486. PIMENTA LEAF OIL - used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, condiments, chewing gum, meat products.

487. PINE NEEDLE OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in pine tree needles; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

488. PINE OIL, SCOTCH - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in pine trees; used in candy, baked goods, non-alcoholic beverages.

489. PINEAPPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE - Found in pineapple; defined as a fruit juice under FDA Standards of Identity.

490. alpha-PINENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, blueberry, plum brandy, carrots, celery, cheddar cheese, chicken; used in condiments, candy, meat products.

491. beta-PINENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, plum brandy, butter, cantaloupe, carrots, celery, cheddar cheese, cocoa, cranberry; used in baked goods, candy, meat products.

492. D-PIPERITONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blackberry, celery, raspberry; used in soft candy, baked goods, dairy products.

493. PIPERONAL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cantaloupe, capers, melon, sherry; used in candy, baked goods.

494. PIPSISSEWA LEAF EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, candy.

495. PLUM JUICE - Found in plum.

496. POTASSIUM SORBATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in mountain ash berries; used in cheese.

497. 1-PROLINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; essential amino acid, found in proteins, plants and animals; used in breakfast cereals, baked goods.

498. PROPENYLGUAETHOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in sweet sauce, baked goods, candy.

499. PROPIONIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, beef, beer, blueberry juice, bread, cheese, coffee, grape juice, maple syrup, orange juice, raspberry, rum; used in fruit, candy, gelatin and puddings, dairy products.

500. PROPYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, grape, apple juice, beer, wheat bread, cantaloupe, capers, cocoa, guava, honey, fig, honeydew melon, heated corn oil; used in beverages, ice cream, baked goods.

501. PROPYL para-HYDROXYBENZOATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in licorice; used in processed vegetables.

502. PROPYLENE GLYCOL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in sesame seed, mushroom; used in confection frostings, cheese, candy.

503. 3-PROPYLIDENEPHTHALIDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in lovage; used in frozen dairy products, baked goods, candy.

504. PRUNE JUICE AND CONCENTRATE - Common food item.

505. PYRIDINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in bean, bread, cheese, cocoa, coffee, fish, onion, peanut and pecan, popcorn, potato, rum, tea, tomato; used in ice cream, baked goods, condiments, meat products.

506. PYROLIGNEOUS ACID AND EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in birch tree; used in alcoholic beverages, baked goods, meat products.

507. PYRROLE - FEMA GRAS; found in wheat bread, beer, beef, chicken, steamed clams, cocoa, coffee; used in meat products, candy, baked goods.

508. PYRUVIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, wheat bread, celery, asparagus, milk, onion, sake; used in frozen dairy products, baked goods, candy.

509. RAISIN JUICE CONCENTRATE - common food item; found in raisin; used in baked goods.

510. RHODINOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in geranium flowers; used in chewing gum, baked goods, ice cream.

511. ROSE ABSOLUTE AND OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in roses; used in chewing gum, ice cream, baked goods.

512. ROSEMARY OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in rosemary; used in condiments, meat products, baked goods.

513. RUM. Alcoholic beverages; natural flavor.

514. RUM ETHER - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in rum; used in non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy, baked goods, candy.

515. RYE EXTRACT - found in rye; common food item.

516. SAGE, SAGE OIL, AND SAGE OLEORESIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in sage; used in baked goods, condiments, meat products.

517. SALICYLALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beer, butter, chicken, coffee, cranberry, grape, potato, rum, sherry, tea, tomato, whiskey; used in baked goods, condiments, candy.

518. SANDALWOOD OIL, YELLOW - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in sandalwood; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

519. SCLAREOLIDE - FEMA GRAS; found in clary sage; used in milk products, baked goods, candy, meat products, breakfast cereals.

520. SKATOLE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cheese, egg, fish, tea; used in frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin and puddings, baked goods.

521. SMOKE FLAVOR - Found in hickory-wood smoke distillate; used in baked goods, cheese, meats.

522. SNAKEROOT OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in wild ginger; used in beverages, ice cream, candy, condiments.

523. SODIUM ACETATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in plant and animal tissues; used in cereals, pastas, snack foods, candy, meat products, soups.

524. SODIUM BENZOATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, margarine, dietary supplmements.

525. SODIUM BICARBONATE - FDA GRAS; natural mineral; main component of baking powder and baking soda.

526. SODIUM CARBONATE - FDA GRAS; used in baked goods, desserts, margarine, poultry.

527. SODIUM CHLORIDE - FDA GRAS; used in brewing, baked goods, butter, cheese, poultry.

528. SODIUM CITRATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; used in evaporated milk, general purpose food additive.

529. SODIUM HYDROXIDE - FDA GRAS; used in meat and poultry, oleo and margarine.

530. SOLANONE - Found in black currant buds.

531. SPEARMINT OIL - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in spearmint; used in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, baked goods.

532. STYRAX EXTRACT, GUM AND OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in storax; used in baked goods, candy, jellies.

533. SUCROSE OCTAACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in ginger ale; used in candy, gelatin and puddings, baked goods.

534. SUGAR ALCOHOLS - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cherry, plum, apple; used in soft candy. Maltitol is a sugar permitted by FDA for use in chewing gum, diabetic chocolate and whipped non-dairy topping.

535. SUGARS - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in food sugar sources; used in baked goods, candy, breakfast cereals.

536. TAGETES OIL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in marigold flowers; used in condiment relish.

537. TANNIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in bark of many fruits and plants; used in baked goods, gelatins, puddings and fillings, frozen dairy desserts, candy, meat products.

538. TARTARIC ACID - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in wine grapes; used in fruit juices, baked goods, ice cream.

539. TEA LEAF AND ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; natural flavor extractive.

540. alpha-TERPINEOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, apricot, artichoke, beans, beef, beli, bilberry, blueberry, plum brandy; used in chewing gum, baked goods, ice cream.

541. TERPINOLENE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in thyme, valencia oranges; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

542. TERPINYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beer, blackberry, carrots, celery, cranberry, gin, ginger; used in meat products, baked goods, candy.

543. 5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDROQUINOXALINE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, wheat bread, cocoa, peanut, pork; used in candy, baked goods, dairy products.

544. 1,5,5,9-TETRAMETHYL-13-OXATRICYCLO(8.3.0.0(4,9))TRIDECANE - FEMA GRAS; found in clary sage oil; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings.

545. 2,3,4,5 AND 3,4,5,6-TETRAMETHYLETHYL-CYCLOHEXANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

546. 2,3,5,6-TETRAMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in wheat bread, Sake, shrimp, beef, beer, coffee, peanut; used in baked goods, dairy products, candy.

547. THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in rice husk, cereal grains, yeast, liver, eggs; nutrient supplement in food.

548. THIAZOLE - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee aroma, component of the structure of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) which occurs in seeds, meat and milk.

549. 1-THREONINE - FDA approved food additive; found in eggs, skim milk, nuts, oranges and lemons.

550. THYME OIL, WHITE AND RED - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in thyme; used in condiments, meats, soups, baked goods.

551. THYMOL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in blueberry, romano cheese, papaya, peppermint, pistacia, fruit tea, wine; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

552. TOBACCO EXTRACTS - Natural to tobacco; used as flavorants at minimal levels, producing no measurable increase in nicotine in cigarettes.

553. TOCHOPHEROLS (MIXED) - FDA GRAS; found in spinach, soybeans, cashews; used in pump-cured bacon.

554. TOLU BALSAM GUM AND EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in balsam tolu; used in baked goods, candy, syrups.

555. TOLUALDEHYDES (ortho,meta,para) - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in beef, beer, butter, coffee, endive, rum, tea; used in chewing gum; baked goods, ice cream.

556. para-TOLYL 3-METHYLBUTYRATE - FEMA GRAS; found in raspberry, coffee, tea, rum; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

557. para-TOLYL ACETALDEHYDE - FEMA GRAS; used in ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods.

558. para-TOLYL ACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in cananga, Ylang Ylang; used in candy, ice cream, baked goods.

559. para-TOLYL ISOBUTYRATE - FDA approved food addtitive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

560. para-TOLYL PHENYLACETATE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, candy, cheese, ice cream.

561. TRIACETIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in papaya; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

562. 2-TRIDECANONE - FEMA GRAS; found in cheese, coffee, coconut oil, hops; used in ice cream, ices, baked goods, candy.

563. 2-TRIDECENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in sunguli oil; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, baked goods, chewing gum.

564. TRIETHYL CITRATE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in red currant; used in chewing gum, baked goods, ice cream.

565. 3,5,5-TRIMETHYL-1-HEXANOL - FEMA GRAS; used in baked goods, condiments, pickles.

566. para,alpha,alpha-TRIMETHYLBENZYL ALCOHOL - FEMA GRAS; found in apricots, blackberry, grape brandy, grapefruit juice, honey, peppermint, pineapple, plum, tomato; used in beverages, candy, gelatins and puddings.

567. 4-(2,6,6-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEX-1-ENYL)BUT-2-EN-4-ONE - FEMA GRAS; found in rose, rum, brandy, tea; used in baked goods, candy, chewing gum.

568. 2,6,6-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEX-2-ENE-1,4-DIONE - FEMA GRAS; found in apricot, beer, blackberry, grape, hops, kiwi fruit; used in soft candy.

569. 2,6,6-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXA-1,3-DIENYL METHAN; FEMA GRAS; used in candy, baked goods, condiments, pickles, preserves and spreads.

570. 4-(2,6,6-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXA-1,3-DIENYL)BUT-2-EN-4-ONE; FEMA GRAS; found in apples, black tea, Riesling wine; used in beverages, frozen dessert, baked goods, candy, gelatin and puddings, preserves, condiments.

571. 2,2,6-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANONE - FEMA GRAS; found in bilberry, passion fruit, tea; used in non-alcoholic beverages, frozen dessert, confectionery, ice cream, ices, candy.

572. 2,3,5-TRIMETHYLPYRAZINE - FEMA GRAS; found in barley, almond, asparagus, beef, wheat bread, chicken, cocoa, coffee; used in baked goods, candy, dairy products, cereals.

573. l-TYROSINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in nuts, oranges and lemons.

574. delta-UNDECALACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, butter, coconut, milk; used in baked goods, candy, dairy products, cereals.

575. gamma-UNDECALACTONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, apricot, heated butter, peach, plum, pork, rice; used in chewing gum, candy, ice cream, baked goods.

576. UNDECANAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in mandarin, grapefruit and lemon; used in baked goods, chewing gum.

577. 2-UNDECANONE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coconut oil, banana, beer, beef, cheese, cocoa, coffee, wine, milk, mushroom, peanut, strawberry; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, baked goods, candy, dairy products.

578. 10-UNDECENAL - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; used in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy.

579. UREA - FDA GRAS; found in mushrooms; used in baked goods.

580. VALENCENE - FEMA GRAS; found in grapefruit juice, mango, mangosteen, orange juice, cocoa; used in breakfast cereals, candy, baked goods.

581. VALERALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in apple, apple juice, apricot, artichoke, asparagus, avocado, banana, beef, blue cheese; used in candy, baked goods, ice cream.

582. VALERIAN ROOT EXTRACT, OIL AND POWDER - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in valerian root; used in baked goods, chewing gum.

583. VALERIC ACID - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in banana, beef, beer, blue cheese, blueberry, wheat bread, butter; used in imitation dairy goods.

584. gamma-VALEROLACTONE - FEMA GRAS; found in beef, beer, cocoa, coffee, mushroom, peach, peanut, wheat bread, heated butter, honey; used in candy, meat products, baked goods.

585. VALINE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in plants, lemons, oranges, grapefruits; used in ice cream, candy, baked goods.

586. VANILLA EXTRACT AND OLEORESIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in vanilla bean; used in baked goods, gelatin and puddings, condiments.

587. VANILLIN - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in asparagus, barley, beer, brandy, blackberry, blueberry, coffee, cranberry; used in confection frosting, baked goods, candy.

588. VERATRALDEHYDE - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, raspberry; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

589. VETIVER OIL - FDA approved food additive; found in vetiver flowers.

590. VINEGAR - Derived from fermentable sugars such as fruit juices and honey; used in catsup, mayonnaise, pickles.

591. VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in violets; used in baked goods, ice cream, candy.

592. WALNUT HULL EXTRACT - FDA approved food additive; FEMA GRAS; found in walnuts; used in breakfast cereals, ice cream, candy.

593. WATER.

594. WHEAT EXTRACT AND FLOUR - common food component.

595. WILD CHERRY BARK EXTRACT - FDA GRAS; FEMA GRAS; found in cherry trees; used in alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, candy, ice cream.

596. WINE AND WINE SHERRY - common beverages, found in grape fermentation/distillation.

597. XANTHAN GUM - FDA approved food additive; produced by carbohydrate fermentation; used in baked goods, beverages, fish, milk, products, poultry.

598. 3,4-XYLENOL - FEMA GRAS; found in coffee, wood vinegar; used in baked goods, meat, soups, coffee, nuts.

599. YEAST - FDA approved food additive.

* The Six Major American Cigarette Companies Are:

American Tobacco Company
Brown and Williamson
Liggett Group, Inc.
Philip Morris Incorporated
R.J. Reynolds Tobaccco Company

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CAN YOU BE HYPNOTIZED? Suggestibility and Hypnotic Phenomena

2006-04-12T10:20:00.000-07:00

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People sometimes wonder whether they can be hypnotized. Incredible, but true - there are professional hypnotists and hypnotherapists today who still seem to believe that only certain percentage of people can be hypnotized, and that is what they are teaching through their books, courses, websites and seminars. The origin of these misconceptions may be traced to several hypnotizability scales. Two of the more popular are Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales (created in 1959) and Harvard Group Scales (created in 1962). Based on the tests performed, the researchers involved in creation of these hypnotizability scales have concluded that 5% of people cannot be hypnotized and that only about 10% can experience deep trance phenomena like auditory and visual hallucinations, and the ability to remain deeply in hypnosis with eyes open.

If you are unfamiliar with hypnotic phenomena, visual hallucinations can be "positive hallucinations" - if you happen to see something that doesn't belong to consensus reality; or "negative hallucination" - if you don't see something which may be right in front of you. And it's good to keep in mind that we often see what we expect to see. It works the same way with auditory hallucinations, which happen when what you hear subjectively is different from the consensus reality.

Now I would like to ask you a question : Did it ever happen to you to look for something, perhaps car keys, which were right in front of you, but you just didn't see them? That is an example of deep trance phenomenon called "negative hallucination". Of course, if you were looking for the keys, your eyes were most certainly open, and according to these hypnotizability scales, you were in a very deep trance. Did you feel like you were in a deep trance?

Or maybe you have had an experience of someone calling your name, but you happened to be so deeply absorbed in other thoughts that you simply didn't hear the person calling you. It often happens with children. They get so absorbed in playing "let's pretend games" that for a while they lose awareness of the external world, or rather the external world becomes a part of their subjective reality. And that's hypnosis.

Let's go over few more hypnotic phenomena:

Time Distortion - you experience time distortion when you subjectively experience the passage of time as if the time is passing slower or faster than the consensus time. In a way, because it takes much less time to think of an action than to do it, you can accomplish more in your mind in less time, then it would take to perform the action physically. You can be anywhere with your mind in an instant, and you can accomplish anything with your mind in an instant.

We have all had experiences when time seemed to drag or to fly. If you just stand beside a pot waiting for a water to boil or you're waiting in line at a bank or at a post office, it may seem that time stretched almost into foreverness. And when you're very busy or are having lots of fun and you're immersed in something you really do not wish to end, it may seem that time just flew by and you wonder where did it go?

Amnesia (forgetting something) is another hypnotic phenomenon. Did it ever happen to you that you do something or say something or someone else tells you something and you forget it - even if the action occurred just a moment ago, in the midst of a conversation you were having? This happens naturally when immediately upon the action performed, you switch your attention to something unrelated. Your mind wonders in an instant to some other topic and you forget what just happened.

When hypnotists want to create amnesia for what happened during the session, through conversational form of hypnosis, they use the same method that happens naturally. Before you have fully returned to your normal consciousness, they switch your attention to something else, and you forget what just happened.

If you pay attention to experiences in your daily life, you will become aware of all sorts of hypnotic phenomena occurring naturally - even catalepsy. Catalepsy occurs when a part of a body acts as if it were frozen in space, rigid, usually in some unusual position, and for a while you're not even aware of that part of the body. Maybe there was a time when you were so deeply immersed in contemplating some thought, that when you returned your attention to external world, you were surprised that perhaps your arm was floating in front of you or was just placed in some position, perhaps lifted toward your face, and you didn't even notice when it happened.

And perhaps you've had an experience where you went to another room, looking for something, but on the way to the room, your thoughts shifted to something else, and by the time you got to the room, you couldn't remember what were you doing there? By now, you may be beginning to realize that all of these different hypnotic phenomena involve some form of mental distraction - your body may be doing one thing, simply executing the programming in your subconscious to perform a certain action, and your mind may be thinking of something else. If you are mentally elsewhere, of course you are not aware of what is happening with your body and you experience all sorts of hypnotic phenomena.

Analgesia and anesthesia are two more hypnotic phenomena. Perhaps there was a time when you had a terrible headache or have experienced some other pain and then something happened that so much absorbed your attention - maybe you had an interesting phone conversation or were watching an interesting movie, maybe a comedy on TV - and for a while you were completely free of pain. You were completely unaware even of any sensations in your body - and your eyes were wide open all along.

There are many more hypnotic phenomena and the point I want to make is simply to point out that just about everything that people can experience when hypnotized by a professional hypnotist when they are in a so called deep states of hypnosis, people in all walks of life have experienced at some point as part of their normal daily life.

Since, the term "hypnosis" is used to describe a state of heightened suggestibility, a state of mind in which the door to your subconscious is open enough so that ideas may be impressed upon it, absolutely everything that is in your subconscious mind today, got there via some form of hypnosis.

If you were non-hypnotizable (i.e. the door of your subconscious could not be opened), you would have no memories, and no programming. That is why the question of hypnotizability is ludicrous. All the information, ideas and beliefs you have acquired and stored in your mind, were stored there via hypnosis - and any time you turn your attention to your subjective experience you are in hypnosis. All that any hypnotist does is simply stimulate the processes that occur naturally to create specific effects.

Perhaps due to hypnosis stage shows and movies, some people believe that the only way they can get hypnotized is if a person called a "hypnotist" tells them "You are getting very sleepy now ... you are getting into a deep trance and you are going to obey every command I give you now!" Nothing could be further from truth.

There are also some psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors and even hypnotists and hypnotherapists who are trying to convince people that people are impotent and can do nothing on their own or that the most anyone can hope to accomplish on his own with hypnosis is just get a little bit relaxed. Those who are saying such things may be saying them either because they themselves do not know how to do more with their minds on their own, or because they do not want you to know that you can accomplish great many things with your mind, and that you have already accomplished great many things with your mind even if you don't yet know how you did it.

Here's how you can and how you do hypnotize yourself and others - even if you or others are doing it completely unintentionally and unknowingly. When you play with your own subjective experience, you are practicing self-hypnosis.

For example, if you go to school to learn some craft, while you are learning it you are pretending in your mind that you've already mastered it. This serves several purposes - it helps to motivate you, it opens your mind to learning experience making it easier for you to absorb the information and master the skill, and it makes the journey to mastery an entertaining experience. If you are pretending to be a recognized musician while learning to play an instrument; or if you are pretending to be a lawyer while studying, you are in effect practicing self-hypnosis. If you are a man and you see a good-looking woman and begin to imagine having a date with her, you are practicing self-hypnosis. What you focus upon in your subjective experience, in your imagination, may have a great bearing upon whether you actually end up having a date with that woman or not.

When you play with other people's subjective experience, you are hypnotizing them. Of course you could use inductions to get people into trance, but you don't have to. All it takes to hypnotize other people is to engage their imagination (and you can do that with any or a combination of several senses - visual, auditory, kinesthetic, etc.). The entire process of hypnosis may be also non-verbal. All it may take for a woman to hypnotize a man, is to put on a mini-skirt. Granted, some women should be better covered from head to toe, but everyone can offer a genuine friendly smile. What you do specifically would depend on what is your outcome and what is appropriate to the given situation. If you were looking for a job, then dressing as if you were already a member of a team would help the interviewer to picture you as one of them .. and it would make it easier for you to land that job. You get the idea.

And when other people play with your subjective experience, they are hypnotizing you. Can you recall a time you watched a movie you liked or read a book or talked to someone you liked - perhaps you were so absorbed in that person or book or movie which provided certain mental and emotional stimulation and engaged your imagination that, for a while there, the external world faded from your awareness.

When someone says that only certain percentage of people are hypnotizable or that they are hypnotizable to this or that degree, what they are saying is more along the lines of - at that point in time, with that particular hypnotist, given the hypnotist's repertoire of skills and given the mood and the state of mind the person-to-be- hypnotized is in, the person may be willing or in mood to do what the hypnotist suggested to a certain point, or not at all.

All of us go through many different states and moods throughout the day. There is a time you may feel like eating, there is a time you may feel like sleeping, there is a time you feel like relaxing, there is a time you may feel like jumping around, there is a time you may feel like working, there is a time you may feel like watching a movie, etc. If someone were to suggest something that you feel like doing at that particular moment, you'd be happy to comply and would be then labeled as "highly hypnotizable". On the other hand, if someone suggested something at a time you didn't feel like doing that particular thing, you would be labeled perhaps a "resistant hypnotic subject " or even non-hypnotizable. It's also possible that you may very well enjoy doing a particular thing at that very moment, but not with that particular person or a hypnotist.

The reason that I have written in the past newsletters about many different forms of doing self-hypnosis is because at different times you may like to do it in a different way. And that's the reason for different types of recordings. It is not about one being necessarily better than the other, but rather what suits you the best at any given time according to your mood and preferences.

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Widow's Legal Battle With Philip Morris Ends

2006-04-11T16:32:00.000-07:00

Widow's Legal Battle With Philip Morris Ends
Philip Morris to pay $82 million

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Widow's Legal Battle With Philip Morris Ends
Philip Morris to pay $82 million

Parts excerpted from the Los Angeles Times, 3/21/06

Five years after a landmark defeat in a Los Angeles courtroom, tobacco giant Philip Morris USA has exhausted its appeals and will have to pay record damages of more than $82 million to the widow of a longtime smoker of its Marlboro cigarettes.

Without comment, the U.S. Supreme Court on Monday refused to review a 2001 verdict in the case filed by Richard Boeken of Topanga. Boeken, who began smoking in his teens, died of cancer at 57, shortly after the verdict in the first suit by an individual smoker ever tried in Los Angeles.

Although cigarette makers have agreed to some major settlements, including $246 billion to end lawsuits by the states, in more than 50 years of litigation, they have had to write checks to only a handful of individual smokers.

The Boeken award — consisting of $5.54 million in compensatory damages, $50 million in punitive damages and more than $26 million in interest — will be the largest recovery by an individual to date.

It will eclipse the previous record payment of $16.7 million last year to a former smoker from Glendale. Philip Morris, a unit of Altria Group Inc. and the top U.S. cigarette maker, lost that case too.

Boeken's widow, Judy Boeken, could not be reached for comment. But her lawyer, Michael Piuze of Los Angeles, said she "is happy that the litigation's over."

Ed Sweda, senior attorney for the Boston-based Tobacco Products Liability Project, which encourages lawsuits against the tobacco industry, said the Supreme Court's decision not to accept the appeal "demonstrates that tobacco litigation remains a viable — and still emerging — strategy to promote the public health."

Still, the award is a wisp of its original self. Outraged jurors in Los Angeles County Superior Court had ordered Philip Morris to pay Boeken $3 billion in addition to compensatory damages in June 2001 after finding the company guilty of fraud, negligence, misrepresentation and selling a defective product.

Weeks later, the trial judge sliced the punitive award to $100 million. A California appeals court then trimmed it to $50 million, despite its finding that Philip Morris' conduct was "extremely reprehensible."

"The very conduct that injured Boeken was directed at all smokers in the United States, repeated over many years with knowledge of the risk to human life and health," and demonstrated "intentional deceit," the state appeals court ruled last year.

But the panel also cited a 2003 U.S. Supreme Court opinion that punitive damages usually should not exceed nine times the compensatory damages. That ratio was reflected in the state appeals court ruling.

Piuze had argued that the ratio was a guideline, not a rule, and should not protect a company that he said was responsible for millions of deaths.

Although the court's decision Monday was a victory for the plaintiff, Piuze said he was not satisfied "with the end result, which is a penalty of one half week of earnings" for Philip Morris.

Steven Rissman, associate general counsel for Altria Corporate Services Inc., another unit of Altria, said Monday that he was not surprised the Supreme Court declined to review the case. "You can never have the highest of expectations when you're talking about a court that accepts less than 100 of the 7,000 petitions that it's presented each year."

Legal analysts believe that the court may be more likely to consider an appeal of another verdict that went well beyond the 9-to-1 guideline.

It's an Oregon case in which the $80-million award against Philip Morris includes $79.5 million in punitive damages and $521,000 in compensatory damages — a ratio of more than 152 to 1.

The Oregon Supreme Court affirmed the verdict last month, setting the stage for a last-ditch appeal to the nation's highest court. The Boeken verdict was among a string of four straight big defeats for cigarette makers in Los Angeles and San Francisco superior courts.

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Utah Governor Signs Clean Indoor Air Act Into Law

2006-03-20T17:18:00.000-08:00

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Utah Governor Signs Clean Indoor Air Act Into Law
Utah to become nation's 14th smokefree workplace state/district/commonwealth

Parts excerpted from KSL TV, 3/16/06
Utah Governor Jon Huntsman signed an update to the Utah Clean Air Act this morning. It will eventually make every bar, restaurant, private club and fraternal organization smokefree.

It clears the air in upscale private club-restaurants starting next year. All other bars, private clubs, and taverns will be smokefree in 2009.

Utah joins California, Delaware, New York, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Montana, Vermont, Washington, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and Washington DC-- all of which have passed comprehensive smokefree workplace legislation for workers, including restaurant and bar workers.

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Clinical Hypnotherapy

2006-02-10T09:35:00.000-08:00

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For thousands of years, the power of suggestion has played a major role in healing in cultures as ancient as India, Persia, and Greece. Hypnotherapy uses both the power of suggestion and trance-like states to access the deepest levels of the mind to affect positive changes in a person’s behavior and to treat a range of health conditions. In 1958, the American Medical Association (AMA) approved the use of hypnotherapy as a valid medical treatment.

Hypnotherapy is a tool for making positive changes in one’s life. Even though encountering problems is a part of living, we carry within ourselves the resources to resolve problems and to lead a fulfilling life. Hypnosis is not magic, nor occult. It is a natural, normal state of mind. Therapeutic research and psychological experiments have brought hypnosis out of the realm of magic. The hypnotic experience is one striking and illuminating effect of a common human capacity to experience changes in consciousness. Hypnosis produces a highly relaxed state during which a client’s conscious and subconscious mind is focused and receptive to therapeutic suggestions. It facilitates change on many different levels (mind/body/spirit). Hypnosis utilizes the powers of the subconscious mind, the part where all information of past events and experiences are stored, while bypassing the conscious mind, the critical thinking part that sensors all information coming in. All hypnosis is self-hypnosis; the hypnotherapist is merely a facilitator in that process.

Hypnosis is a safe procedure when practiced by a trained professional hypnotherapist. It produces a very pleasant and refreshing experience. Modern hypnotherapy is utilized for a variety of difficulties. Typical applications are, but are not limited to, stress management, weight management, smoking cessation, pain management, memory and concentration improvement, and self enhancement, as well as assistance with issues related to eating disorders, depression, phobias, anxieties, insomnia, addictions, sexual problems, and self esteem. In the field of medicine, hypnosis is frequently used pre- and post-operatively to lessen the amount of anesthesia needed, to lessen blood loss, to relieve pain, and to hasten the healing process. Dentistry utilizes hypnotherapy to aid patients who experience a fear of dental work, TMJ and bruxism, tongue biting, overproduction of saliva, or gagging and to control bleeding during oral surgery.

The professional hypnotherapist makes an initial assessment as to whether hypnotic treatment is advisable. The client will be asked to discuss the appropriateness with his or her physician, if the problem is of a medical nature, prior to treatment with hypnotherapy. A client history is taken in order to assess whether there are emotional or physical conditions which might prohibit the use of hypnotherapy. Treatment will vary depending on the severity of the problem and may take from one to several sessions. Characteristically, treatment with hypnotherapy is short term.

Because of the misuse of hypnosis by stage hypnotists, there are several misconceptions about hypnosis. One is that the client loses consciousness. You will be aware of everything at all times. Loss of control is another misconception. The client is always in control throughout the session. If the client wishes to terminate the trance state, he or she may do so by simply opening the eyes. No one can be made to do anything against his or her will. Stage hypnotists like their audiences to believe that the hypnotist has total control over the subjects. However, professional hypnotherapists will make it clear that the client is in control.

Overall, clinical hypnotherapy is a safe, relaxing, refreshing, and enjoyable experience aimed at enhancing a person’s life.

"The natural force within each of us is the greatest healer of disease.”

– Hippocrates
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Smokefree policies in Europe

2006-01-28T20:58:00.000-08:00

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On 1 January, Spain became the latest European country to ban smokers from public places. Here we look at the current state of legislation in all 25 members of the EU
Irish Republic
Centuries of tradition were overturned in March 2004 when smoking in bars and all other workplaces was banned. The measure was pushed through by a crusading health minister in the teeth of opposition from the politically powerful hospitality industry.

Although controversial to begin with, smoke-free pubs and other workplaces quickly came to be regarded as the norm and the Irish Republic has been visited by delegations from a number of other countries contemplating anti-smoking moves.

Northern Ireland
A smoking ban encompassing all enclosed public places - including pubs, restaurants and hotels - is due to come into effect in April 2007. Smoking is already banned in government offices and other institutions. Making the announcement last October, Northern Ireland Office minister Shaun Woodward said: "No one has a right to subject colleagues and workmates to the dangers and hazards of second-hand smoke and passive smoking." He, of course, represents an English constituency - where the proposed ban is much less complete.

Although the Northern Ireland policy could be changed if a new powersharing government is formed in Belfast, the expectation is that it would go ahead as planned. No major political party has voiced opposition.

England
Of the four countries of the UK, England is the only one going for a partial ban, due to be introduced in April 2007. This will permit smoking in pubs that don't serve food. It has provoked widespread protests that it will be unworkable. The Government has promised a set of guidelines - but they are unlikely to be simple.

Scotland
A complete ban on smoking in enclosed public places in Scotland comes into effect at 6am on Sunday 26 March following a unanimous decision by the Scottish Executive last November. It will be an offence - with a minimum penalty of £50 - to light up, or allow others to do so, in " no-smoking premises", defned as enclosed locations which are used by the public.

Sweden
All restaurants, bars and cafes are now smoke-free. Ventilated smoking rooms where food and drink is not served can be set up.

Denmark
Under current legislation, smoking is only banned in schools and government buildings open to the public. Transport and council services must have individual smoke-free policies.

Germany
Buses, underground trains, cinemas and theatres have been no-go areas for smokers in Germany for more than 30 years. However a powerful tobacco industry and the fact that the Nazis offcially frowned on smoking, have led post-war German legislators to avoid the imposition of more Draconian measures. Mainline trains still have smoking carriages, for example.

Last year the government reached a voluntary agreement with restaurant and pub owners for the creation of limited no-smoking areas in 30 per cent of all licensed premises.

The partial smoking ban is scheduled to be extended to 90 per cent of all pubs and restaurants by 2008 when owners are requested to ensure that 50 per cent of their premises are reserved for non smokers.

Finland
Smoking is completely banned in healthcare, educational and government facilities, indoor workplaces and offices, theatres, cinemas and public transports although separate areas for smoking may be provided.

Discussions are underway regarding a complete smoking ban and new amendments to curb smoking in restaurants and prevent employees being exposed to ambient tobacco smoke should come into effect in summer 2006.

Estonia
The Tobacco Act of 2001, amended in 2004, imposes a complete ban on smoking in healthcare, education and government facilities, indoor offices and workplaces, as well as theatres and cinemas although in all these areas special smoking areas are permitted.

Latvia
From July the current smoking ban, which includes public buildings and workplaces, will be extended to cafes, bars and restaurants. Designated smoking areas will be provided. Smokers who step outside for a cigarette will be subject to a ban on lighting up within 10 metres of a public building.

Lithuania
Designated rooms are provided in all workplaces, as well as in all health, educational and government facilities. A complete ban on smoking on public transport is enforced, but long-distance trains and planes have smoking areas.

Poland
Smoking ban in force in workplaces and public buildings. No plans to extend this at present.

Hungary
Employers must provide adequate protection for non-smokers. Designated smoking areas may be provided. A 1997 Child Protection Act also states that children have the right to be protected from environmental hazards and substances harmful to health.

Belgium
2006 ushered in a complete smoking ban in all workplaces. From January 2007, a ban on smoking in restaurants will be enforced.

Luxembourg
No current legislation, but there are moves to introduce a complete ban on smoking in the workplace.

The Netherlands
A 2004 bill cut down on smoking in public places and the government aims to reduce tobacco consumption by 80 per cent by 2008. This year smoking rooms will be set up in eating establishments, with the aim of phasing out smoking in public.

Slovenia
Smoking in hospitals and schools is prohibited.

Slovakia
A 1997 law requires employers to impose bans on smoking in workplaces frequented by non-smokers.

Czech Republic
Smoking is banned on public transport and in workplaces where non-smokers could be exposed to tobacco smoke. It is also forbidden to smoke in restaurants during breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Spain
Three days after Spain introduced a law banning smoking at work and in closed public spaces, there is a growing movement to assert what many consider their inalienable right to smoke. Meanwhile, since 1 January, 25,000 people a day have sought medical advice on how to stop.

Petrol stations, news stands and shops that function as bars are trying to circumvent the law that bans them from selling cigarettes, and which has cut their income by up to 20 per cent.

Spain's 12,000 outdoor news vendors feel particularly aggrieved: smoking is permitted in the open air, but sales of cigarettes are confined to specialist tobacco shops (where you cannot smoke).

Offces and factories are now smoke-free. Offenders pay fines of up to €600 (£414) and employers warn that time lost to unauthorised "smoking pauses" will amount to 14 days a year per smoker. You can smoke in the open air and in bars and restaurants smaller than 100 square metres. Numerous small bars in Spain have opted to become smokers' refuges, generating a worse fug than before.

Larger bars and restaurants may demarcate a smoking section of up to 30 per cent of the space, and have eight months to complete the structural alterations. This poses problems for large wedding parties, where the father of the bride traditionally hands out cigars to his guests. (They can only smoke in the smoking areas, where children are prohibited.)

A massively oversubscribed government helpline reveals grey areas that caused even officials to scratch their heads. Can a lorry driver smoke in his enclosed cab? (Yes, it's not a "work centre".) What about massage parlours? Yes, if rooms are designated "smoking". Unexpected opposition has emerged from women at the hairdressers, long accustomed to smoking under the drier. Now they must step into the streets, even in their rollers.

Portugal
Total ban on smoking in public buildings, as well as on public transport when journeys last less than an hour. Partial restrictions on smoking on aircraft are enforced.

France
The law on smoking in public places in France, dating from 1991, is vaguely worded and unevenly applied. The anti-smoking lobby is pressing for much tougher rules, comparable to those in Ireland and, now, Spain.

Under Article 16 of the Loi Evin of January 1991 - which mostly deals with restrictions on alcohol and tobacco advertising - smoking is banned on all public transport and in "places used collectively", except in " areas reserved for smokers".

The French railways, the SNCF, have gone further than the law and abolished smoking carriages. However, many bars and restaurants interpret the law loosely and declare their whole establishment to be an "area reserved for smokers".

Austria
Austrian law, updated in 2003, prohibits smoking in public buildings and transport, but not workplaces.

Greece
Public smoking is banned in many places but special smoking areas are allowed. Cafes, bars and restaurants must allocate space for non-smokers.

Malta
Total ban in place since 2005. Bars, restaurants and cafes that wish to allow smoking must provide enclosed areas. The government has the power to impose fines of up to €250 for contravention.

Italy
An offcial ban on smoking in all enclosed public places including bars, restaurants and offices came into effect in Italy on 10 January, 2005. Since then the ban has led to an 8 per cent drop in cigarette consumption.

There was some initial resistance from smokers and bar owners. But businesses face a fine of up to €2,000 (£1,395) if they fail to ensure their customers do not smoke. Smokers themselves can receive a €275 (£191) fine.

The law allows smoking only in sealed-off rooms with smoke extractors, but only a few places have bothered to comply.

Generally the law has been accepted.

Smoking is still tolerated at cabinet meetings in the prime minister's office, where Defence Minister Antonio Martino, a smoker since the age of 18, describes the habit as"a sacred right".

Cyprus
Smoking is currently banned in all public places including entertainment venues, government buildings and on public transport. It is also banned in private cars carrying passengers under 16, but remains regulated in workplaces.
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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Washington D.C. Adopts Smokefree Workplace Law

2006-01-20T15:24:00.000-08:00

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

The D.C. Council today approved a broad smokefree workplace law for the District's bars and restaurants. Mayor Anthony A. Williams (D) has threatened to veto the bill, but supporters have more than enough votes to override a veto.

The proposal, which passed by a vote of 11-1, is modeled closely on similar restrictions in New York City. The District's law will first apply to all restaurant dining rooms upon enactment and then extend to bars, nightclubs and taverns in January 2007.

The District's law will include exemptions for outdoor areas, hotel rooms, and establishments that receive a significant portion of their revenues from the on-site sale of tobacco, such as retail tobacco shops.

The council debated amendments to the bill for more than four hours, rejecting several amendments that would weaken the bill. The law will take effect after the 30-day congressional review period.

"It's a wonderful first step. They're acknowledging secondhand smoke is a health problem," said Katja Fort, who said she left her job as a liquor sales manager in June after exposure to smoky bars exacerbated her lung illness.

In addition to New York, smokefree workplace laws are in place in hundreds of cities around the world, including Los Angeles, Boston, Montreal, Dublin and Rome, and are being considered almost everywhere they have not yet been enacted. In the Washington D.C. area, Montgomery, Prince Georges, and Howard counties (Maryland) have already enacted smokefree workplace laws.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

New Jersey to Become 11th U.S. Smokefree Workplace State

2006-01-10T08:38:00.000-08:00

New Jersey to Become 11th U.S. Smokefree Workplace State

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People

Governor says he looks forwarded to signing bill into law

Parts excerpted from the Associated Press, 1/6/06
Today, the New Jersey Assembly's health committee passed smokefree workplace legislation. The full Assembly is expected to pass the measure on Monday. The New Jersey Senate passed identical legislation several weeks ago. The bill will require all workplaces to be smokefree, except casino gambling floors.

"This is a bill that I look forward to signing into law," acting Gov. Richard J. Codey said in a statement. "With all of the facts we know today, we need to do whatever we can to protect our workers and patrons from being exposed to the dangers of secondhand smoke," said Codey."

After hearing nearly three hours of sometimes bitter testimony, Assembly Health Committee vice chairman Herb Conaway, a physician, said the benefits and savings from reducing exposure to secondhand smoke "far outweigh" the costs, real or imagined, to businesses.

"We are happy for office, restaurant, and bar workers," said Joe Cherner, founder of BREATHE (Bar and Restaurant Employees Advocating Together for a Healthy Environment), "but we wish the health of casino workers would be treated with the same respect and dignity."

Conaway and other committee members conceded the measure was "imperfect" because casino floors would be exempt, but said they would attempt to remove that exemption in a later bill.

"This is a giant step forward," Senator Loretta Weinberg told the committee. Weinberg has worked for 10 years trying to pass clean indoor air legislation.

The measure had broad support from all major health groups and was strongly endorsed by state Health Commissioner Fred M. Jacobs, a physician and longtime health activist.

"Smoking contributes to more diseases and deaths in New Jersey than any other cause," Jacobs said. "Secondhand smoke is the third-leading cause of preventable death in this country. It kills 53,000 non-smokers nationwide each year, including 1,800 in New Jersey."

Jacobs noted that 10 states, including neighboring Delaware and New York, have adopted similar smokefree workplace laws with no loss in jobs or revenues.

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The Stop Smoking Hypnosis People